Tuneable phase plates for free electrons are a highly active area of research. However, their widespread implementation, similar to that of spatial light modulators in light optics, has been hindered by both conceptual and technical challenges. A specific technical challenge involves the need to minimize obstruction of the electron beam by supporting films and electrodes. Here, we describe numerical and analytical mathematical frameworks for three-dimensional stacks of phase plates that can be used to provide near-arbitrary electron beam shaping with minimal obstruction.
Three-dimensional Stacking of Phase Plates for Advanced Electron Beam Shaping / Ruffato, G., Beleggia, M., Tavabi, A.H., Rotunno, E., Viani, L., Rosi, P., Kavkani, P.H., Chiari, C., Frabboni, S., Gazzadi, G.C., Pozzi, G., Bertoni, G., Tiemeijer, P., Dunin-Borkowski, R.E., Grillo, V.. - In: MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS. - ISSN 1435-8115. - 31:1(2025), pp. 1-11. [10.1093/mam/ozae108]
Three-dimensional Stacking of Phase Plates for Advanced Electron Beam Shaping
Ruffato, Gianluca;Beleggia, Marco;Rotunno, Enzo;Viani, Lorenzo;Rosi, Paolo;Kavkani, Payam Habibzadeh;Chiari, Caterina;Frabboni, Stefano;Gazzadi, Gian Carlo;Pozzi, Giulio;Grillo, Vincenzo
2025
Abstract
Tuneable phase plates for free electrons are a highly active area of research. However, their widespread implementation, similar to that of spatial light modulators in light optics, has been hindered by both conceptual and technical challenges. A specific technical challenge involves the need to minimize obstruction of the electron beam by supporting films and electrodes. Here, we describe numerical and analytical mathematical frameworks for three-dimensional stacks of phase plates that can be used to provide near-arbitrary electron beam shaping with minimal obstruction.
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