An ultrasonic sensor operating in air was developed to measure distance (up to 100 cm) or to operate as a proximity sensor in a presettable distance range. The error in the measured distance is about ± 1 mm while the accuracy is maintained within ±1% of the reading in the whole temperature range from -20 °C to +110 °C, being the temperature dependence of the sound velocity electronically compensated. As a proximity sensor it can overcome most of the drawbacks and limitations of inductive, capacitive, optical, and Hall-effect commercial proximity sensors.

A temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proximity Measurements / Canali, Claudio; G., De Cicco; Morten, Bruno; Prudenziati, Maria; Taroni, Andrea. - In: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. - ISSN 0278-0046. - STAMPA. - 29:(1982), pp. 336-341.

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