B-cell leukemias are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms characterized by the clonal expansion and accumulation of abnormal B cells in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, frequently associated with immune dysfunction. Depending on the stage of differentiation and clinical features, they include forms such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), each displaying distinct biological characteristics, molecular alterations and clinical outcomes. Following the last international classifications on lymphoid neoplasms, an accurate diagnosis requires an integrated approach that combines clinical information, morphology, standard cytogenetics (karyotype and FISH), immunophenotyping and genomic analyses, with the latter playing an increasingly essential role. This diagnostic process, while essential for patient management, is technically demanding, time-consuming and requires multiple assays often performed in separate workflows. In this context, high-resolution molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and optical genome mapping (OGM) can substantially refine genetic characterization, providing more information within a single test. DNA or RNA-based NGS enables the detection of single-nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions and gene fusions, whereas OGM provides a genome-wide analysis of all the structural variants, including balanced rearrangements such as inversions and translocations at the gene level, often cryptic to conventional methods. The integrated application of these approaches in B-cell leukemia may enable a comprehensive assessment, refine risk stratification in accordance with the latest guidelines, reduce turnaround time by replacing multiple independent assays, and ultimately enhance the detection of novel prognostic biomarkers or targetable pathogenic pathways. This study explores the integration of NGS and OGM for the genomic characterization of 130 patients with B-cell leukemias: 75 Philadelphia-negative B-ALL cases from two Italian centres, 52 CLL cases evaluated at treatment initiation from multiple Spanish centres, and 3 B-prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) cases from our institution. Targeted RNA-seq was performed in all B-ALL samples to refine subtype classification and identify rare fusions not covered by standard FISH panels. OGM was applied across all subgroups to assess its concordance with standard cytogenetic tests (FISH and karyotype) and to determine its additional contribution. The combination of OGM and NGS data showed high concordance with conventional cytogenetics while identifying additional classificative structural variants and other alterations with potential clinical relevance. In selected subsets, this integrated workflow facilitated the reclassification of nearly 50% of previously “not otherwise specified” (NOS) cases, provided higher resolution for complex karyotype characterization and revealed chromoanagenesis-like events, potentially associated with adverse prognosis, offering an opportunity to facilitate risk assessment in the era of targeted therapies. Moreover, this approach can allow for the identification of novel biomarkers and enhance the understanding of less investigated entities, such as the heterogeneous group of B-PLL patients with genomic alterations affecting apoptosis and cell-cycle regulation pathways, or CD19-negative mechanisms of relapse after CAR-T treatment in B-ALL. Future developments will aim to validate these findings in larger cohorts and explore the clinical impact of newly identified genomic events as candidate therapeutic targets.

Le leucemie a cellule B costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di neoplasie linfoidi caratterizzate dall’espansione clonale e dall’accumulo di cellule B anomale nel sangue, nel midollo osseo e nei tessuti linfatici, frequentemente associate a disfunzioni immunitarie. In base allo stadio di differenziazione e alle caratteristiche cliniche, si differenziano in forme come la leucemia linfoblastica acuta a cellule B (B-ALL) e la leucemia linfatica cronica (CLL), ciascuna con peculiari caratteristiche biologiche, alterazioni molecolari e andamenti clinici distinti. Secondo le ultime classificazioni internazionali delle neoplasie linfoidi, una diagnosi accurata richiede un approccio integrato che combini informazioni cliniche, morfologia, citogenetica standard (cariotipo e FISH), immunofenotipizzazione e analisi genomiche, queste ultime sempre più essenziali. Tale percorso diagnostico, sebbene fondamentale per la gestione dei pazienti, è tecnicamente complesso, richiede tempi lunghi e molteplici test spesso eseguiti in flussi separati. In questo contesto, tecnologie molecolari ad alta risoluzione come NGS e la mappatura ottica del genoma (OGM) possono migliorare significativamente la caratterizzazione genetica, fornendo informazioni più complete in un singolo test. L’NGS su DNA o RNA consente di rilevare varianti a singolo nucleotide, piccole inserzioni e delezioni e fusioni geniche, mentre l’OGM permette un’analisi completa, su tutto il genoma, di varianti strutturali, comprese riarrangiamenti bilanciati (inversioni e traslocazioni) a livello genico, spesso criptici con metodi convenzionali. L’applicazione integrata di questi approcci nelle leucemie a cellule B può garantire una valutazione completa, migliorare la stratificazione del rischio secondo le linee guida più recenti, ridurre i tempi di risposta e migliorare l’individuazione di nuovi biomarcatori prognostici o vie patogenetiche targetizzabili. Questo studio valuta l’integrazione di NGS e OGM per la caratterizzazione genetica di 130 pazienti con leucemie a cellule B: 75 casi di B-ALL negativi per la translocazione ABR:.BCL provenienti da due centri italiani, 52 casi di CLL valutati all’inizio del trattamento in diversi centri spagnoli e 3 casi di leucemia B-prolinfocitica (B-PLL) analizzati presso il nostro istituto. RNA-seq mirato è stato effettuato su tutti i campioni di B-ALL migliorare la definizione dei sottotipi e identificare fusioni rare non coperte dai pannelli FISH standard. L’OGM è stato applicato in tutti i sottogruppi di pazienti per valutarne la concordanza con i test citogenetici tradizionali (FISH e cariotipo) e determinarne il contributo aggiuntivo. La combinazione dei dati OGM e NGS ha mostrato elevata concordanza con la citogenetica convenzionale, identificando inoltre varianti strutturali classificative aggiuntive e altre alterazioni con potenziale rilevanza clinica. In alcuni sottogruppi selezionati, questo flusso integrato ha permesso la riclassificazione di quasi il 50% dei casi precedentemente definiti “non altrimenti specificati” (NOS), ha fornito maggiore risoluzione nella caratterizzazione di cariotipi complessi e ha mostrato eventi di cromoanagenesi, potenzialmente associati a prognosi sfavorevole, offrendo opportunità di una migliorata valutazione del rischio nell’era delle terapie target. Infine, questo approccio consente l’identificazione di nuovi biomarcatori e favorisce la comprensione di entità meno studiate, come il gruppo eterogeneo di pazienti B-PLL con alterazioni genomiche che coinvolgono vie di apoptosi e regolazione del ciclo cellulare, o i meccanismi di recidiva CD19-negativi dopo trattamento CAR-T. Sviluppi futuri mireranno a validare questi risultati in coorti più ampie ed esplorare l’impatto clinico di nuovi eventi genomici come potenziali target terapeutici.

Citogenomica nelle leucemie a cellule B: potenziamento della caratterizzazione genetica e individuazione di biomarcatori prognostici e target terapeutici tramite NGS e mappatura ottica del genoma / Lia Bonamici , 2026 May 27. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Citogenomica nelle leucemie a cellule B: potenziamento della caratterizzazione genetica e individuazione di biomarcatori prognostici e target terapeutici tramite NGS e mappatura ottica del genoma

BONAMICI, LIA
2026

Abstract

B-cell leukemias are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms characterized by the clonal expansion and accumulation of abnormal B cells in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, frequently associated with immune dysfunction. Depending on the stage of differentiation and clinical features, they include forms such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), each displaying distinct biological characteristics, molecular alterations and clinical outcomes. Following the last international classifications on lymphoid neoplasms, an accurate diagnosis requires an integrated approach that combines clinical information, morphology, standard cytogenetics (karyotype and FISH), immunophenotyping and genomic analyses, with the latter playing an increasingly essential role. This diagnostic process, while essential for patient management, is technically demanding, time-consuming and requires multiple assays often performed in separate workflows. In this context, high-resolution molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and optical genome mapping (OGM) can substantially refine genetic characterization, providing more information within a single test. DNA or RNA-based NGS enables the detection of single-nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions and gene fusions, whereas OGM provides a genome-wide analysis of all the structural variants, including balanced rearrangements such as inversions and translocations at the gene level, often cryptic to conventional methods. The integrated application of these approaches in B-cell leukemia may enable a comprehensive assessment, refine risk stratification in accordance with the latest guidelines, reduce turnaround time by replacing multiple independent assays, and ultimately enhance the detection of novel prognostic biomarkers or targetable pathogenic pathways. This study explores the integration of NGS and OGM for the genomic characterization of 130 patients with B-cell leukemias: 75 Philadelphia-negative B-ALL cases from two Italian centres, 52 CLL cases evaluated at treatment initiation from multiple Spanish centres, and 3 B-prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) cases from our institution. Targeted RNA-seq was performed in all B-ALL samples to refine subtype classification and identify rare fusions not covered by standard FISH panels. OGM was applied across all subgroups to assess its concordance with standard cytogenetic tests (FISH and karyotype) and to determine its additional contribution. The combination of OGM and NGS data showed high concordance with conventional cytogenetics while identifying additional classificative structural variants and other alterations with potential clinical relevance. In selected subsets, this integrated workflow facilitated the reclassification of nearly 50% of previously “not otherwise specified” (NOS) cases, provided higher resolution for complex karyotype characterization and revealed chromoanagenesis-like events, potentially associated with adverse prognosis, offering an opportunity to facilitate risk assessment in the era of targeted therapies. Moreover, this approach can allow for the identification of novel biomarkers and enhance the understanding of less investigated entities, such as the heterogeneous group of B-PLL patients with genomic alterations affecting apoptosis and cell-cycle regulation pathways, or CD19-negative mechanisms of relapse after CAR-T treatment in B-ALL. Future developments will aim to validate these findings in larger cohorts and explore the clinical impact of newly identified genomic events as candidate therapeutic targets.
Cytogenomics in B-cell leukemias: NGS and optical genome mapping enhance genetic characterization and reveal prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets
27-mag-2026
TAGLIAFICO, Enrico
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