Nonlinear dynamics of Bevel Gears: A comprehensive review

This article provides a detailed review of research on the nonlinear dynamics of bevel gears. It summarizes more than 220 scientific papers on bevel gears dynamics up to August 2024, covering various aspects of the dynamics of such complex mechanical components, namely: modeling, testing, dynamic scenarios (e.g. modal properties, nonlinearities, complex dynamics); the effects of geometric parameters and influence of imperfections. In the past decades, investigations on bevel gears have been increasing significantly. The review highlights the technical challenges associated with understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of bevel gear systems, including the impact of nonlinearities arising from backlash, bearings, and Hertzian contact stresses, as well as time dependencies resulting from geometric transmission error, mesh stiffness, and input torque. Additionally, it discusses practical aspects such as tooth imperfections, profile modifications, and the influence of operational conditions such as damping ratio, lubrications, and thermal conditions on vibrations and dynamics of the systems.