The development of novel brewer’s yeast strains represents a key strategy to improve beer quality and enhance sustainability of the brewing industry. The growing consumer demand for natural, GMO-free beer with diversified aroma profiles has driven the exploration of non-GMO methods such as the breeding between cryotolerant Saccharomyces eubayanus (Seu) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Scer) from alternative niches rather than brewing environment. However, the resulting hybrids often require additional rounds of genetic improvement to fine-tune their aroma profile. In this work, interspecies hybridization was combined with random mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) to pursue two complementary objectives: (i) the reduction of an undesirable aroma trait (phenolic off-flavor, POF+ phenotype) or (ii) the enhancement of a desirable aroma trait (the release of hop-derived thiols). De novo synthetic hybrids were generated via spore-to-spore mating between Seu NBRC1848 and Scer Y15.2B or ale5 and molecularly validated by ITS PCR-RFLP with HaeIII and species-specific PCR assay targeting housekeeping genes. Two interspecies synthetic hybrids were obtained, namely FM1 (Seu NBRC1948 x Scer Y15.2B) and CN1 (Seu NBRC1948 x Scer ale5). Following hybridization, additional non-GMO improvement strategies were applied. In the case of FM1, the POF+ phenotype inherited from the sourdough Scer parent limited its suitability as lager starter culture. Classical random UV-mutagenesis was therefore employed to knock out FDC1 or PAD1 genes responsible for the POF+ phenotype. A mutant strain, FM1.45, was positively selected based on its inability to grow in presence of ferulic acid (FA) as selective agent. The inability to decarboxylate FA into the off-flavor compound 4 vinyl-guaiacol (4VG), responsible for the sensitivity to FA, was validated in both synthetic YPD medium supplemented with FA and in wort. Sequencing of the FDC1 gene demonstrated that FM1.45 carried a premature stop codon in FDC1 gene due to an insertion mutation. Ploidy assessment, MAT genotyping, sporulation assays indicated that FM1.45 underwent genome duplication or endoduplication during UV-mutagenesis, restoring fertility and expanding its breeding potential. In the case of CN1 hybrid, the release of aromatic thiols from odorless, hop-derived conjugated precursors is mainly determined by β-lyase activity encoded by the IRC7 gene. Spectrophotometric assays using S-methyl-cysteine as substrates demonstrated enhanced β-lyase activity in CN1 compared to its parents, a signal of novelty frequently encountered in hybrids. As Irc7 catalyzes the hydrolysis of cysteine into NH3, pyruvate and H2S, ALE was applied to further improve the CN1 ability to release volatile thiols form hop-derived, cysteine-conjugated precursors, using cysteine as unique nitrogen source. Specifically, CN1 was recursively cultivated at decreasing ammonium sulfate concentration (down to 0 mM) and increasing cysteine concentration (up to 15 mM), leading to the evolution of CN1-derived populations capable of using cysteine as the sole nitrogen source and with a potentially enhanced Irc7 activity. Several CN1-evolved clones were isolated on YNB agar containing cysteine as the sole nitrogen source and validated by growth assay. The best-performing CN1-evolved clones were further validated via spectrophotometric assays using S-methyl-cysteine and S-ethyl-cysteine as substrates, followed by wort microfermentation trials. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the combination of hybridization, random mutagenesis, and ALE approaches is an effective non-GMO strategy for developing novel yeast strains with improved fermentative performance, desirable aromatic profiles, and absence of off flavors.
Lo sviluppo di nuovi ceppi di lievito per birrifici è una strategia chiave per migliorare la qualità della birra e rendere più sostenibile la produzione. La crescente domanda di birre naturali, OGM-free e con aromi diversificati da parte dei consumatori ha stimolato l’esplorazione di metodi non OGM, come l’incrocio tra il criotollerante Saccharomyces eubayanus (Seu) e Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Scer) provenienti da altre nicchie ecologiche. Tuttavia, gli ibridi spesso necessitano di ulteriori miglioramenti genetici per ottimizzarne il profilo aromatico. In questo studio, ibridazione interspecifica, mutagenesi casuale ed evoluzione adattativa in laboratorio (ALE) sono state combinate per due scopi: (i) ridurre un tratto indesiderato (fenotipo POF⁺), oppure (ii) potenziare un tratto desiderabile, ossia il rilascio di tioli derivati dal luppolo. Nuovi ibridi sintetici sono stati generati tramite accoppiamento spore-to-spore tra Seu NBRC1848 e Scer Y15.2B o ale5, e validati poi a livello molecolare mediante ITS PCR-RFLP con l’enzima HaeIII e PCR specie-specifica su geni housekeeping. Sono stati ottenuti due ibridi interspecifici sintetici: FM1 (Seu NBRC1848 × Scer Y15.2B) e CN1 (Seu NBRC1848 × Scer ale5). Dopo l’ibridazione, sono state applicate ulteriori strategie di miglioramento non OGM. Nel caso di FM1, il fenotipo POF⁺ ereditato dal ceppo Scer derivato da paste acide ne limitava l’uso come starter per birre lager. È stata impiegata la mutagenesi UV casuale per inattivare i geni FDC1 o PAD1, responsabili del fenotipo POF⁺. Il mutante FM1.45, è stato selezionato sulla base dell’incapacità di crescere in presenza di acido ferulico (FA) usato come agente selettivo. L’incapacità di decarbossilare l’FA nel composto responsabile dell’off-flavor, 4-vinil-guaiacolo (4VG), è stata confermata sia in terreno YPD sintetico addizionato con FA, sia in mosto. Il sequenziamento del gene FDC1 ha mostrato in FM1.45 un codone di stop prematuro dovuto a un’inserzione. Le analisi di ploidia, genotipizzazione del locus MAT e sporificazione hanno indicato che durante la mutagenesi UV, FM1.45 ha subito duplicazione o endoduplicazione del genoma, recuperando fertilità ed ampliando il suo potenziale di incrocio. Nell’ibrido CN1, il rilascio dei tioli aromatici da precursori inodori derivati dal luppolo dipende principalmente dall’attività β-liasica, codificata dal gene IRC7. Saggi spettrofotometrici con S-metil-cisteina come substrato hanno mostrato una maggiore attività β-liasica in CN1 rispetto ai ceppi parentali, fenomeno comune negli ibridi. Poiché Irc7 catalizza l’idrolisi della cisteina in NH₃, piruvato e H₂S, è stata applicata l’evoluzione adattativa in laboratorio (ALE) per migliorare ulteriormente la capacità di CN1 di liberare tioli volatili da precursori coniugati alla cisteina, utilizzando questa come unica fonte di azoto. In particolare, CN1 è stato coltivato ricorrendo a concentrazioni decrescenti di solfato d’ammonio (fino a 0 mM) e crescenti di cisteina (fino a 15 mM), portando all’evoluzione di popolazioni derivate da CN1 capaci di usare la cisteina come unica fonte di azoto e con una potenziale attività Irc7 aumentata. Diversi cloni evoluti di CN1 sono stati isolati su agar YNB contenente solo cisteina come fonte di azoto e validati tramite saggio di crescita. I cloni più performanti sono stati testati tramite saggi spettrofotometrici con S-metil-cisteina e S-etil-cisteina come substrati, seguiti da microfermentazioni in mosto. Questi risultati dimostrano che la combinazione di ibridazione, mutagenesi casuale e ALE rappresenta una strategia non OGM efficace per lo sviluppo di nuovi ceppi di lievito con migliorate prestazioni fermentative, profili aromatici desiderabili e assenza di off-flavor.
Sviluppo di lieviti starter non OGM per birrificazione ad alto profilo aromatico mediante approccio combinato di ibridazione, mutagenesi ed evoluzione adattativa / Chiara Nasuti , 2026 Apr 16. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Sviluppo di lieviti starter non OGM per birrificazione ad alto profilo aromatico mediante approccio combinato di ibridazione, mutagenesi ed evoluzione adattativa.
NASUTI, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
The development of novel brewer’s yeast strains represents a key strategy to improve beer quality and enhance sustainability of the brewing industry. The growing consumer demand for natural, GMO-free beer with diversified aroma profiles has driven the exploration of non-GMO methods such as the breeding between cryotolerant Saccharomyces eubayanus (Seu) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Scer) from alternative niches rather than brewing environment. However, the resulting hybrids often require additional rounds of genetic improvement to fine-tune their aroma profile. In this work, interspecies hybridization was combined with random mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) to pursue two complementary objectives: (i) the reduction of an undesirable aroma trait (phenolic off-flavor, POF+ phenotype) or (ii) the enhancement of a desirable aroma trait (the release of hop-derived thiols). De novo synthetic hybrids were generated via spore-to-spore mating between Seu NBRC1848 and Scer Y15.2B or ale5 and molecularly validated by ITS PCR-RFLP with HaeIII and species-specific PCR assay targeting housekeeping genes. Two interspecies synthetic hybrids were obtained, namely FM1 (Seu NBRC1948 x Scer Y15.2B) and CN1 (Seu NBRC1948 x Scer ale5). Following hybridization, additional non-GMO improvement strategies were applied. In the case of FM1, the POF+ phenotype inherited from the sourdough Scer parent limited its suitability as lager starter culture. Classical random UV-mutagenesis was therefore employed to knock out FDC1 or PAD1 genes responsible for the POF+ phenotype. A mutant strain, FM1.45, was positively selected based on its inability to grow in presence of ferulic acid (FA) as selective agent. The inability to decarboxylate FA into the off-flavor compound 4 vinyl-guaiacol (4VG), responsible for the sensitivity to FA, was validated in both synthetic YPD medium supplemented with FA and in wort. Sequencing of the FDC1 gene demonstrated that FM1.45 carried a premature stop codon in FDC1 gene due to an insertion mutation. Ploidy assessment, MAT genotyping, sporulation assays indicated that FM1.45 underwent genome duplication or endoduplication during UV-mutagenesis, restoring fertility and expanding its breeding potential. In the case of CN1 hybrid, the release of aromatic thiols from odorless, hop-derived conjugated precursors is mainly determined by β-lyase activity encoded by the IRC7 gene. Spectrophotometric assays using S-methyl-cysteine as substrates demonstrated enhanced β-lyase activity in CN1 compared to its parents, a signal of novelty frequently encountered in hybrids. As Irc7 catalyzes the hydrolysis of cysteine into NH3, pyruvate and H2S, ALE was applied to further improve the CN1 ability to release volatile thiols form hop-derived, cysteine-conjugated precursors, using cysteine as unique nitrogen source. Specifically, CN1 was recursively cultivated at decreasing ammonium sulfate concentration (down to 0 mM) and increasing cysteine concentration (up to 15 mM), leading to the evolution of CN1-derived populations capable of using cysteine as the sole nitrogen source and with a potentially enhanced Irc7 activity. Several CN1-evolved clones were isolated on YNB agar containing cysteine as the sole nitrogen source and validated by growth assay. The best-performing CN1-evolved clones were further validated via spectrophotometric assays using S-methyl-cysteine and S-ethyl-cysteine as substrates, followed by wort microfermentation trials. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the combination of hybridization, random mutagenesis, and ALE approaches is an effective non-GMO strategy for developing novel yeast strains with improved fermentative performance, desirable aromatic profiles, and absence of off flavors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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