In recent years, there has been a significant focus on sustainability in the field of food packaging, with particular attention given to finding innovative ways to enhance the environmental friendliness of packaging materials. This heightened interest arises from the realization that the primary source of global plastic pollution stems from food and drink packaging made from non-biodegradable, petroleum-derived plastics. This issue is also addressed in section 12.5 of "The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," which highlights the goal of substantially reducing waste generation by 2030 through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. In addition to sustainability and recyclability, another significant concern that has gained considerable attention in the food packaging scientific community is the toxicity of the materials used in the production of such packaging. Frequently, the petroleum-based polymers employed for food packaging purposes are derived from substances that are not only harmful to the environment but also pose risks to human health. It is evident that a swift solution is needed to transition from petroleum-based non-biodegradable packaging to more sustainable alternatives. These alternatives must retain the desirable properties of conventional plastics, including low production costs, durability, excellent mechanical properties, and resistance to oil and moisture. The aim of this PhD thesis was the study and the evaluation of strategies for the replacement of common plastic materials with eco-sustainable and renewable alternatives. It was concerned not only with testing the performance of the alternative materials already on the market, but also the development of films and coatings whit eco-sustainable material to improve the performance of paper used in food wrapping, for wrapping fresh food (fish, meat, cheese, etc.). Indeed, paper is one of the most widely studied materials for primary and secondary food packaging, because it is a renewable and biodegradable material mainly composed of cellulose sourced from a diverse range of natural origins. To address these issues, various polymers and natural materials were explored for formulating these coatings, including PCL (Polycaprolactone), PBS (Polybutylene Succinate), PHBV (Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)), PHBH (Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)), starch, agar, and cutin from food by-products. The selection of these materials was based on their biodegradability, sustainability, and potential for eco-friendly applications. Additionally, careful attention was given to the choice of solvents used for polymer solubilization, with a focus on selecting "greener" solvents. The solubility of polymers in these solvents and the performance of the coatings based on the use of different solvents were compared. Once the coatings were developed, they were applied to samples of kraft paper, which is commonly used for food contact. A series of tests were conducted on the coated samples, including measurements of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), the 'Kit 12' test, contact angle measurements with water and oil, tensile strength, tear propagation and more. These tests aimed to evaluate performance characteristics of the coated paper samples. In the second part of the thesis, the focus was to evaluate how the use of packaging made with bio-based and/or biodegradable materials could influence the final quality of fruit samples, compared with the same product stored in commercial packaging. They have been tested different materials, from R-PET cup to Paper tray, different fruit samples, like grapes or fruit salad, and several analyses were performed, like physical, chemical, mechanical, atmospheric, microbiological and sensory analysis.
Negli ultimi anni c'è stata una significativa attenzione alla sostenibilità nel campo del food packaging, con particolare attenzione alla ricerca di modi innovativi per migliorare la compatibilità ambientale dei materiali di imballaggio. Questo accresciuto interesse nasce dalla consapevolezza che la fonte primaria dell'inquinamento globale deriva dagli imballaggi di alimenti e bevande realizzati con plastica non biodegradabile derivata dal petrolio. Questo tema è affrontato anche nella sezione 12.5 dell’“Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite per lo sviluppo sostenibile", che evidenzia l'obiettivo di ridurre la produzione di rifiuti entro il 2030 attraverso la prevenzione, la riduzione, il riciclaggio e il riutilizzo. Oltre alla sostenibilità e alla riciclabilità, un'altra preoccupazione significativa che ha guadagnato una notevole attenzione nella comunità scientifica del food packaging è la tossicità dei materiali utilizzati nella produzione di tali imballaggi. Spesso, i polimeri utilizzati derivano da sostanze che non solo sono dannose per l'ambiente, ma anche per la salute umana. È evidente che è necessaria una soluzione rapida per passare dagli imballaggi non biodegradabili a base di petrolio ad alternative più sostenibili. Queste alternative devono mantenere le proprietà desiderabili delle plastiche convenzionali, tra cui bassi costi di produzione, durata, eccellenti proprietà meccaniche e resistenza all'olio e all'umidità. L'obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è stato lo studio e la valutazione di strategie per la sostituzione dei comuni materiali plastici con alternative ecosostenibili e rinnovabili. Ci si è occupati non solo di testare le prestazioni dei materiali alternativi già presenti sul mercato, ma anche di sviluppare film e rivestimenti con materiali ecosostenibili per migliorare le prestazioni della carta utilizzata come food wrapping. La carta, infatti, è uno dei materiali più studiati per l'imballaggio alimentare primario e secondario, perché è un materiale rinnovabile e biodegradabile composto principalmente da cellulosa proveniente da una vasta gamma di origini naturali. Per affrontare questi problemi, sono stati esplorati vari polimeri e materiali naturali per la formulazione di questi rivestimenti, tra cui PCL, PBS, PHBV, PHBH, amido, agar e cutina da sottoprodotti alimentari. Tutti questi materiali condividono la caratteristica di essere polimeri biodegradabili. Inoltre, è stata prestata particolare attenzione alla scelta dei solventi utilizzati per la solubilizzazione dei polimeri, con particolare attenzione alla selezione di solventi più "green". Sono state confrontate la solubilità dei polimeri in questi solventi e le prestazioni dei rivestimenti in base all'uso di diversi solventi. Una volta formulati, i rivestimenti sono stati applicati a campioni di carta kraft, utilizzata per il contatto con gli alimenti. Sui campioni rivestiti sono stati condotti una serie di test, tra cui misurazioni della WVTR, il test "Kit 12", misurazioni dell'angolo di contatto con acqua e olio, resistenza alla trazione, propagazione dello strappo e altro ancora. Questi test avevano lo scopo di valutare le caratteristiche prestazionali dei campioni di carta. Nella seconda parte della tesi, il focus è stato quello di valutare come l'utilizzo di imballaggi realizzati con materiali bio-based e/o biodegradabili possa influenzare la qualità finale di frutta, rispetto allo stesso prodotto conservato in imballaggi commerciali. Sono stati testati diversi materiali, da coppette in R-PET al vassoio di carta, diversi campioni di frutta sono stati testati, come uva o macedonia, e sono state eseguite diverse analisi, come analisi fisiche, analisi chimiche, analisi meccaniche, analisi atmosferiche, analisi microbiologiche e analisi sensoriali.
Studio e valutazione di strategie per la riduzione e/o sostituzione di materie plastiche con alternative più green ed ecosostenibili per il confezionamento degli alimenti / Emanuela Lo Faro , 2024 Apr 08. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.
Studio e valutazione di strategie per la riduzione e/o sostituzione di materie plastiche con alternative più green ed ecosostenibili per il confezionamento degli alimenti
LO FARO, EMANUELA
2024
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant focus on sustainability in the field of food packaging, with particular attention given to finding innovative ways to enhance the environmental friendliness of packaging materials. This heightened interest arises from the realization that the primary source of global plastic pollution stems from food and drink packaging made from non-biodegradable, petroleum-derived plastics. This issue is also addressed in section 12.5 of "The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," which highlights the goal of substantially reducing waste generation by 2030 through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. In addition to sustainability and recyclability, another significant concern that has gained considerable attention in the food packaging scientific community is the toxicity of the materials used in the production of such packaging. Frequently, the petroleum-based polymers employed for food packaging purposes are derived from substances that are not only harmful to the environment but also pose risks to human health. It is evident that a swift solution is needed to transition from petroleum-based non-biodegradable packaging to more sustainable alternatives. These alternatives must retain the desirable properties of conventional plastics, including low production costs, durability, excellent mechanical properties, and resistance to oil and moisture. The aim of this PhD thesis was the study and the evaluation of strategies for the replacement of common plastic materials with eco-sustainable and renewable alternatives. It was concerned not only with testing the performance of the alternative materials already on the market, but also the development of films and coatings whit eco-sustainable material to improve the performance of paper used in food wrapping, for wrapping fresh food (fish, meat, cheese, etc.). Indeed, paper is one of the most widely studied materials for primary and secondary food packaging, because it is a renewable and biodegradable material mainly composed of cellulose sourced from a diverse range of natural origins. To address these issues, various polymers and natural materials were explored for formulating these coatings, including PCL (Polycaprolactone), PBS (Polybutylene Succinate), PHBV (Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)), PHBH (Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)), starch, agar, and cutin from food by-products. The selection of these materials was based on their biodegradability, sustainability, and potential for eco-friendly applications. Additionally, careful attention was given to the choice of solvents used for polymer solubilization, with a focus on selecting "greener" solvents. The solubility of polymers in these solvents and the performance of the coatings based on the use of different solvents were compared. Once the coatings were developed, they were applied to samples of kraft paper, which is commonly used for food contact. A series of tests were conducted on the coated samples, including measurements of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), the 'Kit 12' test, contact angle measurements with water and oil, tensile strength, tear propagation and more. These tests aimed to evaluate performance characteristics of the coated paper samples. In the second part of the thesis, the focus was to evaluate how the use of packaging made with bio-based and/or biodegradable materials could influence the final quality of fruit samples, compared with the same product stored in commercial packaging. They have been tested different materials, from R-PET cup to Paper tray, different fruit samples, like grapes or fruit salad, and several analyses were performed, like physical, chemical, mechanical, atmospheric, microbiological and sensory analysis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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