Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS), obesity and hypertension in pregnancy set an adverse intrauterine environment, leading to an altered fetal programming in utero, predisposing the fetus to later onset of adult disease. On this ground, Inositols (INO) are insulin sensitizing agents that have been shown to improve insulin resistance in women with obesity, gestational diabetes and with MS. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that INO in pregnancy improve maternal and offspring metabolic and cardiovascular profile by reducing maternal end-organ damage and modulating placental glucose homeostasis pathways therefore improving maternal and fetal short and long-term health. Study design: Female heterozygous for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS–/+) mice with moderate hypertension were either placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce a MS phenotype or fed with regular diet to obtain the hypertensive phenotype. Similarly, wild-type (WT) mice were placed on a HFD for 4 weeks to induce a murine obesity model. Female mice were then bred with WT males. On gestational day 1, dams were randomly allocated to receive either INO or plain water as control. To evaluate pregnancy outcomes, pregnant dams were assessed at term (gestational day 18). Maternal weights, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) were obtained. Then dams were sacrificed, and maternal organs, blood, placentas, and pups were weighed and collected. Serum levels of biomarkers, relevant to fibrosis pathway, were measured by a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cardiac, liver and kidney tissues histology was perfroemd for fibrosis deposition as organ damage. Placentas per each group of dams were processed to obtain offspring genotyped for eNOS allele and gender to evaluate the level of proteins involved in glucose homeostasis. Specifically, glucose uptake (GLUT4 and IR-b), glycogen synthesis (Akt, pAktT-308and GSK3), and ATP production (pPDH) were measured using Western blot, while glycogen storage was measured by ELISA assay. To evaluate maternal organ damage, cardiac, renal and liver tissues were stained with Masson’s trichrome to assess connective tissue deposition. ELISA was used to measure serum level of fibrogenic and collagen biomarkers. A subgroup of the previously mentioned MS pregnant dams receiving INO or placebo, were let deliver to evaluate vascular and metabolic profiles in their offspring. The offspring developed in an abnormal uterine environment due to maternal MS underwent a GTT and SBP measurement at 9-10 weeks of age, then were sacrificed, and the carotid arteries were isolated for evaluation of vascular responses. Responses to phenylephrine, in the presence and absence of a nonspecific nitric oxide inhibitor, the vasodilator acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were assessed. Results: INO treatment during pregnancy improved SBP, glucose and leptin levels in pregnant dams with MS phenotype. Moreover, it enhanced placental glucose use toward energy production in a gender-independent manner in offspring born to MS dams. Moreover, maternal INO treatment significantly decreased maternal cardiac and renal organ fibrosis induced by the MS established before pregnancy by reducing serum levels of TGF-β and collagen-type 3 in MS dams. Lastly, adult offspring born to dams with MS benefit more of maternal INO treatment if exposed to environmental factors in utero, and less if they inherited the altered genetic factors (eNOS). Indeed, inositol supplementation improved glucose tolerance, SBP, and vascular responses in those mice. Conclusion: Metabolic and cardiovascular disease in pregnancy have serious consequences on maternal and fetal health. Inositol supplementation during pregnancy is a promising strategy to counteract the damages of dysmetabolism in both the mother and the fetus, acting on different pathways, showing improvement of short and long term metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.

La sindrome metabolica (SM), l'obesità e l'ipertensione in gravidanza creano un ambiente intrauterino avverso, che porta ad un'alterazione della programmazione fetale in utero, predisponendo il feto all'insorgenza della malattia in età adulta. Gli inositoli (INO) hanno dimostrato di migliorare la resistenza all'insulina nelle donne con obesità, diabete gestazionale e con SM. Ipotesi: La somministrazione di INO in gravidanza migliora il profilo metabolico e cardiovascolare materno e della prole riducendo il danno agli organi materni e modulando le vie dell'omeostasi del glucosio placentare, migliorando quindi la salute materna e fetale a breve e lungo termine. Disegno dello studio: Topi femmine eterozigoti eNOS–/+ con ipertensione moderata sono stati sottoposti ad una dieta ricca di grassi (HFD) per 4 settimane per indurre un fenotipo della SM o alimentati con una dieta regolare per ottenere il fenotipo ipertensivo. Allo stesso modo, i topi wild-type (WT) sono stati nutriti con HFD per 4 settimane per ottenere il modello di obesità murina. Dopo l'accoppiamento con maschi WT, le femmine gravide sono state assegnate casualmente a ricevere INO o acqua come controllo. Al termine della gravidanza (giorno di gestazione 18) sono stati misurati: peso materno, pressione sanguigna sistolica (SBP) ed è stato effettuato il test di tolleranza al glucosio (GTT). Quindi le gravide sono state sacrificate, pesati e raccolti gli organi materni, il sangue, le placente e i feti. I livelli sierici dei biomarcatori, rilevanti per la fibrosi, sono stati misurati mediante un test multiplex di immunoassorbimento enzimatico. L'istologia dei tessuti cardiaci, epatici e renali è stata eseguita per la valutazione del danno d'organo. Le placente di ciascun gruppo di madri sono state genotipizzate per l'allele eNOS ed il sesso per valutare il livello di proteine coinvolte nell'omeostasi del glucosio. In particolare, l'assorbimento del glucosio, la sintesi del glicogeno e la produzione di ATP sono stati misurati mediante Western blot, e l’immagazzinamento del glicogeno mediante test ELISA. Per valutare il danno agli organi materni, i tessuti cardiaci, renali ed epatici sono stati colorati con la tricromia di Masson valutando la deposizione di tessuto connettivo. Il livello sierico di biomarcatori fibrogenici e di collagene è stato misurato tramite ELISA. Un sottogruppo delle madri con SM che ricevevano INO o placebo, è stato lasciato partorire per valutare i profili vascolari e metabolici nella prole sviluppata in un ambiente uterino anormale a causa della SM materna. Nella prole sono stati valutati GTT e SBP a 9-10 settimane di età. Le arterie carotidi sono state isolate per la valutazione delle risposte vascolari alla fenilefrina, in presenza e assenza di un inibitore aspecifico dell'ossido nitrico, del vasodilatatore acetilcolina e del nitroprussiato di sodio. Risultati: Il trattamento con INO durante la gravidanza ha migliorato i livelli di SBP, glucosio e leptina nelle madri gravide con fenotipo di SM. Inoltre, ha migliorato l'uso del glucosio placentare verso la produzione di energia in modo indipendente dal genere nella prole nata da madri con SM. Inoltre, il trattamento materno con INO ha ridotto significativamente la fibrosi cardiaca e renale a livello materno indotta dalla SM stabilita prima della gravidanza, riducendo i livelli sierici di TGF-β e collagene di tipo 3 nelle madri con SM. Infine, l'INO ha migliorato la tolleranza al glucosio, la SBP e le risposte vascolari nei figli nati da madri con SM che non hanno ereditato i fattori genetici alterati (eNOS). Conclusione: Le malattie metaboliche e cardiovascolari in gravidanza hanno gravi conseguenze sulla salute materna e fetale. L'integrazione di inositolo durante la gravidanza è una strategia promettente per contrastare i danni del dismetabolismo sia nella madre che nel feto, mostrando un miglioramento degli esiti metabolici e cardiovascolari a breve e lungo termine.

Integrazione con inositoli in gravidanze complicate da sindrome metabolica. Effetti sul sistema metabolico e cardiovascolare nell'unità materno-fetale / Daniela Menichini , 2022 May 27. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Integrazione con inositoli in gravidanze complicate da sindrome metabolica. Effetti sul sistema metabolico e cardiovascolare nell'unità materno-fetale.

MENICHINI, DANIELA
2022

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS), obesity and hypertension in pregnancy set an adverse intrauterine environment, leading to an altered fetal programming in utero, predisposing the fetus to later onset of adult disease. On this ground, Inositols (INO) are insulin sensitizing agents that have been shown to improve insulin resistance in women with obesity, gestational diabetes and with MS. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that INO in pregnancy improve maternal and offspring metabolic and cardiovascular profile by reducing maternal end-organ damage and modulating placental glucose homeostasis pathways therefore improving maternal and fetal short and long-term health. Study design: Female heterozygous for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS–/+) mice with moderate hypertension were either placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce a MS phenotype or fed with regular diet to obtain the hypertensive phenotype. Similarly, wild-type (WT) mice were placed on a HFD for 4 weeks to induce a murine obesity model. Female mice were then bred with WT males. On gestational day 1, dams were randomly allocated to receive either INO or plain water as control. To evaluate pregnancy outcomes, pregnant dams were assessed at term (gestational day 18). Maternal weights, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) were obtained. Then dams were sacrificed, and maternal organs, blood, placentas, and pups were weighed and collected. Serum levels of biomarkers, relevant to fibrosis pathway, were measured by a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cardiac, liver and kidney tissues histology was perfroemd for fibrosis deposition as organ damage. Placentas per each group of dams were processed to obtain offspring genotyped for eNOS allele and gender to evaluate the level of proteins involved in glucose homeostasis. Specifically, glucose uptake (GLUT4 and IR-b), glycogen synthesis (Akt, pAktT-308and GSK3), and ATP production (pPDH) were measured using Western blot, while glycogen storage was measured by ELISA assay. To evaluate maternal organ damage, cardiac, renal and liver tissues were stained with Masson’s trichrome to assess connective tissue deposition. ELISA was used to measure serum level of fibrogenic and collagen biomarkers. A subgroup of the previously mentioned MS pregnant dams receiving INO or placebo, were let deliver to evaluate vascular and metabolic profiles in their offspring. The offspring developed in an abnormal uterine environment due to maternal MS underwent a GTT and SBP measurement at 9-10 weeks of age, then were sacrificed, and the carotid arteries were isolated for evaluation of vascular responses. Responses to phenylephrine, in the presence and absence of a nonspecific nitric oxide inhibitor, the vasodilator acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were assessed. Results: INO treatment during pregnancy improved SBP, glucose and leptin levels in pregnant dams with MS phenotype. Moreover, it enhanced placental glucose use toward energy production in a gender-independent manner in offspring born to MS dams. Moreover, maternal INO treatment significantly decreased maternal cardiac and renal organ fibrosis induced by the MS established before pregnancy by reducing serum levels of TGF-β and collagen-type 3 in MS dams. Lastly, adult offspring born to dams with MS benefit more of maternal INO treatment if exposed to environmental factors in utero, and less if they inherited the altered genetic factors (eNOS). Indeed, inositol supplementation improved glucose tolerance, SBP, and vascular responses in those mice. Conclusion: Metabolic and cardiovascular disease in pregnancy have serious consequences on maternal and fetal health. Inositol supplementation during pregnancy is a promising strategy to counteract the damages of dysmetabolism in both the mother and the fetus, acting on different pathways, showing improvement of short and long term metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.
Inositols supplementation in pregnancies complicated by metabolic syndrome. Effects on metabolic and cardiovascular systems in the maternal/fetal unit
27-mag-2022
FACCHINETTI, Fabio
LONGO, MONICA
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