Microbial communities are complex associations of microorganisms that coexist and interact with each other, interfering with the composition of the matrix they colonise. The study of microbiota can be conducted with conventional microbiological methods and/or with high-throughput sequencing techniques. In this thesis, the microbiota of different matrices (cooked ham packaged in a protective atmosphere (MAP), larvae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa) was characterised by metagenomic analysis and/or classical microbiology techniques. In addition, a physiological and functional characterisation of Leuconostoc carnosum, a frequent colonizer of meat products, species still poorly studied, was performed. Thanks to the disclosure of L. carnosum genome, it was possible to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Leuconostoc through a phylogenomic approach. A combined metagenomic and culture-dependent approach was used to study the evolution of the microbiota of cooked ham in MAP, in order to determine the secondary shelf-life. The quality of the cooked ham after opening, during 12 days of storage at 4 °C, was assessed through microbiological, molecular, sensory, and chemical analyses. The study highlighted a great variability in the composition of the microbiota, mostly associated to the producer, confirming that during the shelf-life the product is already abundantly colonised by a rather complex community. Biochemical, physiological, and functional features of L. carnosum, frequently isolated from cooked ham and other meat matrices, were determined. This species can perform a dual function in meat products, either preserving or deteriorating them. Twelve strains that developed at temperatures between 4 and 37 °C and in the presence of NaCl up to 60 g/L, were analysed. Six strains produced exopolysaccharides responsible for the appearance of mucous exudates. A potential protective role of L. carnosum WC0321 and L. carnosum WC0323 emerged against Listeria monocytogenes. Three selected strains were tested for the ability to colonize a murine model, and their immunomodulatory properties were investigated. Despite the loss of viability during the passage through the gastrointestinal transit, the strains showed different immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cell maturation in vivo, suggesting a positive impact on the host's health. Phylogenomic analysis of the genus Leuconostoc was carried out. 216 deposited genome sequences were subjected to phylogenomic analysis based on the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and the core genome alignment, resulting in a proposal of phylogenomic reorganization of the genus. Microbiological analysis of two diverse potential ingredients for novel foods/feeds and nutraceutical were carried out on larvae and prepupae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa. The microbiota of larvae H. illucens fed with waste from agri-food industries has been determined, in order to develop innovative feed for laying hens. Three rearing temperatures of larvae were assayed to evaluate the influence on the insect microbiota. The higher temperatures favoured faster larval development and resulted in higher final biomass and mortality. The culture-dependent approach showed a high load of total mesophiles (108 cfu/g) and opportunistic pathogens, that can compromise the stability of the biomass and the safety of the product. Inflorescences of 7 varieties of C. sativa for industrial purposes were analysed. They were collected and dried in two Italian locations, with the aim to produce biochemicals for manufacturing and cosmeceutical interest. Overall, the varieties collected in Rovigo showed higher contamination in total aerobes.

Le comunità microbiche sono complesse associazioni di microrganismi che coesistono ed interagiscono fra loro, interferendo sulla composizione della matrice che colonizzano. Il loro studio del microbiota può essere condotto con metodi convenzionali e/o con tecniche di high-throughput sequencing. Questo progetto si è incentrato sullo studio del microbiota di matrici diverse (larve di Hermetia illucens, prosciutto cotto confezionato in atmosfera protettiva (MAP) e infiorescenze di Cannabis sativa) con metodi metagenomici e di microbiologia classica. Inoltre, è stata eseguita una caratterizzazione fisiologica e funzionale della specie Leuconostoc carnosum, frequente colonizzatore di prodotti carnei, specie a tutt’oggi poco studiata. È stato analizzato il microbiota di larve H. illucens alimentate con scarti agroalimentari, nella prospettiva di produrre mangimi innovativi per galline ovaiole. Sono state testate 3 diverse temperature di allevamento delle larve per valutare l’influenza sul microbiota dell'insetto, utilizzando tecniche coltura-dipendenti per la valutazione del rischio microbiologico e analisi metagenomiche basate sul sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA. Le temperature più alte hanno accelerato lo sviluppo larvale e determinato una maggiore biomassa finale e una maggiore mortalità. In base all’analisi metagenomica, il microbiota delle larve è dominato dal genere Providencia e da altri Proteobateria. Nello stadio di prepupe aumentano la complessità della composizione e l’abbondanza relativa di Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes e Bacilli. Le tecniche coltura dipendenti hanno evidenziato un’elevata carica di mesofili totali (108 ufc/g) e di patogeni opportunisti che possono compromettere la stabilità della biomassa e la safety del prodotto. Un approccio combinato metagenomico e coltura dipendente è stato utilizzato per studiare l’evoluzione del microbiota del prosciutto cotto in MAP, durante la shelf-life secondaria. La qualità del prosciutto cotto dopo l’apertura, durante i 12 giorni di conservazione a 7°C, è stata valutata attraverso analisi microbiologiche, molecolari, sensoriali e chimiche. Lo studio ha evidenziato una grande variabilità nella composizione del microbiota legata soprattutto al produttore, confermando che durante la shelf-life il prodotto è già colonizzato da una comunità complessa. Lo studio del microbiota è stato esteso a inflorescenze di 9 varietà di C. sativa ad uso industriale, raccolte ed essiccate in tre località Italiane, destinate alla produzione di biochemicals di interesse manifatturiero e cosmeceutico. Nel complesso le varietà raccolte a Rovigo presentavano una maggiore contaminazione in aerobi totali. La presenza di Salmonella è stata evidenziata nei campioni ottenuti da Rovigo e Acireale, mentre era assente in quelli raccolti a Caserta. Il progetto di tesi ha riguardato anche lo studio comparativo delle caratteristiche biochimiche, fisiologiche e funzionali della specie L. carnosum, a cui appartengono numerosi ceppi isolati da prosciutto cotto e altre matrici carnee dove possono svolgere una duplice funzione, o preservante o deteriorante. Sono stati analizzati 12 ceppi, che sviluppano a temperature comprese fra 4 e 37° C, in presenza di NaCl fino a 60 g/L. Sei ceppi producono esopolisaccaridi, responsabili della comparsa di essudati mucosi. È emerso un potenziale ruolo protettivo dei ceppi L. carnosum WC0321 e L. carnosum WC0323 nei confronti di Listeria monocytogenes. Tre ceppi selezionati sono stati saggiati per la capacità di colonizzare un modello murino e sono state studiate le loro proprietà immunomodulatorie. I ceppi, nonostante la perdita di vitalità durante il transito gastrointestinale, hanno mostrato diversi effetti immunomodulatori sulla maturazione delle cellule dendritiche in vivo, suggerendo un impatto positivo sulla salute dell’ospite.

Nuove informazioni sulle comunità microbiche rilevanti per la sostenibilità: approcci metagenomici e colture-dipendenti / Gloria Spampinato , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Nuove informazioni sulle comunità microbiche rilevanti per la sostenibilità: approcci metagenomici e colture-dipendenti

SPAMPINATO, GLORIA
2022

Abstract

Microbial communities are complex associations of microorganisms that coexist and interact with each other, interfering with the composition of the matrix they colonise. The study of microbiota can be conducted with conventional microbiological methods and/or with high-throughput sequencing techniques. In this thesis, the microbiota of different matrices (cooked ham packaged in a protective atmosphere (MAP), larvae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa) was characterised by metagenomic analysis and/or classical microbiology techniques. In addition, a physiological and functional characterisation of Leuconostoc carnosum, a frequent colonizer of meat products, species still poorly studied, was performed. Thanks to the disclosure of L. carnosum genome, it was possible to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Leuconostoc through a phylogenomic approach. A combined metagenomic and culture-dependent approach was used to study the evolution of the microbiota of cooked ham in MAP, in order to determine the secondary shelf-life. The quality of the cooked ham after opening, during 12 days of storage at 4 °C, was assessed through microbiological, molecular, sensory, and chemical analyses. The study highlighted a great variability in the composition of the microbiota, mostly associated to the producer, confirming that during the shelf-life the product is already abundantly colonised by a rather complex community. Biochemical, physiological, and functional features of L. carnosum, frequently isolated from cooked ham and other meat matrices, were determined. This species can perform a dual function in meat products, either preserving or deteriorating them. Twelve strains that developed at temperatures between 4 and 37 °C and in the presence of NaCl up to 60 g/L, were analysed. Six strains produced exopolysaccharides responsible for the appearance of mucous exudates. A potential protective role of L. carnosum WC0321 and L. carnosum WC0323 emerged against Listeria monocytogenes. Three selected strains were tested for the ability to colonize a murine model, and their immunomodulatory properties were investigated. Despite the loss of viability during the passage through the gastrointestinal transit, the strains showed different immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cell maturation in vivo, suggesting a positive impact on the host's health. Phylogenomic analysis of the genus Leuconostoc was carried out. 216 deposited genome sequences were subjected to phylogenomic analysis based on the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and the core genome alignment, resulting in a proposal of phylogenomic reorganization of the genus. Microbiological analysis of two diverse potential ingredients for novel foods/feeds and nutraceutical were carried out on larvae and prepupae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa. The microbiota of larvae H. illucens fed with waste from agri-food industries has been determined, in order to develop innovative feed for laying hens. Three rearing temperatures of larvae were assayed to evaluate the influence on the insect microbiota. The higher temperatures favoured faster larval development and resulted in higher final biomass and mortality. The culture-dependent approach showed a high load of total mesophiles (108 cfu/g) and opportunistic pathogens, that can compromise the stability of the biomass and the safety of the product. Inflorescences of 7 varieties of C. sativa for industrial purposes were analysed. They were collected and dried in two Italian locations, with the aim to produce biochemicals for manufacturing and cosmeceutical interest. Overall, the varieties collected in Rovigo showed higher contamination in total aerobes.
Novel insights on microbial communities relevant for sustainability: metagenomic and culture-dependent approaches
22-apr-2022
ROSSI, Maddalena
MAISTRELLO, Lara
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