Edible coatings are a new eco-sustainable conservation method based on the use of waste generated by the food industry which, with the addition of natural substances such as essential oils and / or bacteriocins, can improve the hygienic and sensory properties of the product. Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens like L. monocytogenes, responsible for over 90% of all cases of food poisoning, remain a serious health concern, and the employment of chemical additives is less and less accepted by the consumers and limited by restrictive laws. The innovation is the incorporation of natural substances like EOs and/or bacteriocins in packaging materials for both the pathogens control and the maintenance and extension of the product shelf life. The experimental section was divided into four steps: 1. Ready to eat sandwiches as source of pathogens endowed with antibiotic resistance and other virulence factors: We isolated 54 bacterial strains, including pathogens of interest in food safety, such as Listeria, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Yersinia, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter spp. Phenotypic tests have been performed to detect the presence of virulence factors, such as gelatinase production and hemolytic capability. To test their antibiotic resistance features, MIC against 8 commonly used antibiotics was also evaluated. The results showed that among the 54 isolates, 50% belonged to harmless microorganisms (Leuconostoc and Lactococcus), whereas the remaining 50% included pathogenic bacteria (L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Yersinia, and Citrobacter spp.), species responsible for pathologies often difficult to treat due to the presence of antibiotic resistance features. 2. Combined antimicrobial use of essential oils and bacteriocin bacLP17 as seafood biopreservative to control Listeria monocytogenes both in planktonic and in sessile forms: The Disk Diffusion, MIC and Agar Well Diffusion assays were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the compounds against 12 L. monocytogenes in planktonic form, whereas the anti-biofilm activity was determined in optical density at 570 nm, with crystal violet staining method. The lowest MIC values resulted for T. vulgaris and bacLp17 (0.5 ml/ml and 2 ml/ml, respectively). The combinations with the best results, expressed as FIC-Index, were T. vulgaris/S. officinalis EOs and EOs/bacLp17. The best anti-biofilm effect was observed with the combination bacLP17/S. officinalis and bacLP17/T. vulgaris, compared to both control and the single use of EOs and bacteriocin. 3. Edible antimicrobial coating with a mixture of Essential Oils against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh shrimps: four Essential Oils (S. officinalis, M. piperita, C. limon, T. vulgaris), used alone and in combination, were tested against L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 in artificially contaminated shrimps. All the EOs were active against L. monocytogenes, and the best activity was observed for T. vulgaris. Moreover, within the shelf-life period all samples showed acceptable sensory properties up to 5 and 10 days. 4. Edible antimicrobial coating with a mixture of Essential Oils and Bacteriocins 17 against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh shrimps: 44 shrimps were inoculated with approximately 106 CFU/mL. Edible coatings added with different concentrations of the four EOs alone and in combination, were applied to all samples by dipping, including the controls inoculated with L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 but coated without EOs. All natural compounds resulted active against L. monocytogenes even when incorporated into the coatings, and the best activity was observed for Bact. 17/ S. officinalis mixture. Further studies will be however necessary to improve the perspectives of active edible coatings for future applications in the food industry.

I coating commestibili sono un nuovo metodo di conservazione ecosostenibile basato sull’utilizzo di scarti generati dall’industria alimentare che, addizionati di sostanze naturali come oli essenziali e/o batteriocine, possono migliorare le proprietà igieniche e sensoriali e del prodotto. Le infezioni di origine alimentare dovute a batteri patogeni come Listeria. monocytogenes, responsabile di oltre il 90% di tutti i casi di intossicazione alimentare, rimangono un grave problema clinico, e l'impiego di additivi chimici è sempre meno accettato dai consumatori e limitato da leggi restrittive. L'innovazione consiste nell'incorporazione di oli essenziali e/o batteriocine, nei materiali di imballaggio sia per il controllo degli agenti patogeni che per l'estensione della durata di conservazione del prodotto. Lo studio è stato suddiviso in quattro fasi: 1. Panini pronti come fonte di agenti patogeni dotati di resistenza agli antibiotici e altri fattori di virulenza: sono stati isolati 54 ceppi batterici, inclusi agenti patogeni di interesse per la sicurezza alimentare, come Listeria, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Yersinia, Aeromonas e Acinetobacter spp. Sono stati eseguiti test fenotipici per rilevare la presenza di fattori di virulenza, come la gelatinasi e l’attività emolitica. Per testare le loro caratteristiche di resistenza agli antibiotici, è stata valutata la MIC contro otto antibiotici comunemente usati. I risultati hanno mostrato che tra i 54 isolati, il 50% apparteneva a microrganismi innocui (Leuconostoc e Lactococcus), mentre il restante 50% includeva batteri patogeni (L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Yersinia e Citrobacter spp.), alcuni dei quali dotati di antibiotico resistenza. 2. Uso antimicrobico combinato tra oli essenziali e batteriocina 17 come bioconservante in frutti di mare per il controllo di Listeria monocytogenes sia in forma planctonica che sessile: il Disk Diffusion, MIC e Agar Well Diffusion sono stati utilizzati per valutare l'efficacia dei composti contro 12 ceppi di L. monocytogenes in forma planctonica, mentre l'attività anti-biofilm è stata determinata in densità ottica a 570 nm. I valori di MIC più bassi sono risultati per T. vulgaris e bacLp17 (0,5 ml/ml e 2 ml/ml). I migliori risultati, espressi come FIC-Index, sono stati osservati per T. vulgaris/S. officinalis EOs e EOs/bacLp17. Il miglior effetto anti-biofilm è stato osservato per bacLP17/S. officinalis e bacLP17/T. vulgaris. 3. Coating antimicrobico commestibile con oli essenziali contro Listeria monocytogenes su gamberetti freschi: Quattro oli essenziali (S. officinalis, M. piperita, C. limon, T. vulgaris), usati da soli e in combinazione, sono stati testati contro L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 in gamberetti contaminati artificialmente. Tutti gli oli essenziali (EO) erano attivi contro L. monocytogenes e la migliore attività è stata osservata per T. vulgaris. Entro il periodo di shelf-life tutti i campioni hanno mostrato proprietà sensoriali accettabili fino a 5 e 10 giorni. 4. Coating antimicrobico commestibile con oli essenziali e batteriocina 17 contro Listeria monocytogenes su gamberetti freschi: 44 gamberetti sono stati contaminati con 106 CFU/mL. Coatings commestibili con diverse concentrazioni dei quattro EO da soli e in combinazione, sono stati applicati per immersione a tutti i campioni, compresi i controlli inoculati con L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 ma senza EO. Tutti i composti naturali sono risultati attivi contro L. monocytogenes anche nel coatings e la migliore attività è stata osservata con la combinazione batteriocina 17/S. officinalis. Saranno tuttavia necessari ulteriori studi per migliorare le prospettive di questi coating commestibili attivi per future applicazioni nell'industria alimentare.

Utilizzo di oli essenziali, batteriocine e coating commestibili attivi: un approccio innovativo e naturale per il controllo di Listeria monocytogenes in alimenti freschi / Stefania Camellini , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Utilizzo di oli essenziali, batteriocine e coating commestibili attivi: un approccio innovativo e naturale per il controllo di Listeria monocytogenes in alimenti freschi

CAMELLINI, STEFANIA
2022

Abstract

Edible coatings are a new eco-sustainable conservation method based on the use of waste generated by the food industry which, with the addition of natural substances such as essential oils and / or bacteriocins, can improve the hygienic and sensory properties of the product. Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens like L. monocytogenes, responsible for over 90% of all cases of food poisoning, remain a serious health concern, and the employment of chemical additives is less and less accepted by the consumers and limited by restrictive laws. The innovation is the incorporation of natural substances like EOs and/or bacteriocins in packaging materials for both the pathogens control and the maintenance and extension of the product shelf life. The experimental section was divided into four steps: 1. Ready to eat sandwiches as source of pathogens endowed with antibiotic resistance and other virulence factors: We isolated 54 bacterial strains, including pathogens of interest in food safety, such as Listeria, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Yersinia, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter spp. Phenotypic tests have been performed to detect the presence of virulence factors, such as gelatinase production and hemolytic capability. To test their antibiotic resistance features, MIC against 8 commonly used antibiotics was also evaluated. The results showed that among the 54 isolates, 50% belonged to harmless microorganisms (Leuconostoc and Lactococcus), whereas the remaining 50% included pathogenic bacteria (L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Yersinia, and Citrobacter spp.), species responsible for pathologies often difficult to treat due to the presence of antibiotic resistance features. 2. Combined antimicrobial use of essential oils and bacteriocin bacLP17 as seafood biopreservative to control Listeria monocytogenes both in planktonic and in sessile forms: The Disk Diffusion, MIC and Agar Well Diffusion assays were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the compounds against 12 L. monocytogenes in planktonic form, whereas the anti-biofilm activity was determined in optical density at 570 nm, with crystal violet staining method. The lowest MIC values resulted for T. vulgaris and bacLp17 (0.5 ml/ml and 2 ml/ml, respectively). The combinations with the best results, expressed as FIC-Index, were T. vulgaris/S. officinalis EOs and EOs/bacLp17. The best anti-biofilm effect was observed with the combination bacLP17/S. officinalis and bacLP17/T. vulgaris, compared to both control and the single use of EOs and bacteriocin. 3. Edible antimicrobial coating with a mixture of Essential Oils against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh shrimps: four Essential Oils (S. officinalis, M. piperita, C. limon, T. vulgaris), used alone and in combination, were tested against L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 in artificially contaminated shrimps. All the EOs were active against L. monocytogenes, and the best activity was observed for T. vulgaris. Moreover, within the shelf-life period all samples showed acceptable sensory properties up to 5 and 10 days. 4. Edible antimicrobial coating with a mixture of Essential Oils and Bacteriocins 17 against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh shrimps: 44 shrimps were inoculated with approximately 106 CFU/mL. Edible coatings added with different concentrations of the four EOs alone and in combination, were applied to all samples by dipping, including the controls inoculated with L. monocytogenes NCTC 10888 but coated without EOs. All natural compounds resulted active against L. monocytogenes even when incorporated into the coatings, and the best activity was observed for Bact. 17/ S. officinalis mixture. Further studies will be however necessary to improve the perspectives of active edible coatings for future applications in the food industry.
Use of essential oils, bacteriocins and active edible coatings: an innovative and natural approach for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh foods
22-apr-2022
MESSI, Patrizia
SABIA, Carla
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