Preliminary studies on the valorization of animal flour ash for the obtainment of active glasses

Animal flour ash, rich in phosphorous, calcium and alkaline oxides, has been used to formulate (i) controlled-release fertilizers, since they manage to release the nutrient elements (P, K) at a low rate, and (ii) bioactive glasses. (i) Four formulations were tailored using different amounts of animal flour ash (35–48 wt%), potassium carbonate (10–25 wt%) and a fixed amount of glassy sand (40wt%) in order to get glasses and glass-ceramics. The materials were characterised from a chemical (XRF), crystallographic (XRD) and microstructural (SEM/EDS) point of view. Moreover, in order to check the ability to release the macro-and micro-nutrients, tests were conducted to determine the kinetics of glass dissolution in different media (2% citric acid solution, 1% hydrochloric acid solution and ammonium citrate solution). The results obtained allowed to confirm all samples show a very low solubility in water (less than 1%) and high values (>40%) of P, Ca, K and Na in the other media. (ii) The rich content of phosphorous and calcium oxides makes the animal waste-derived ash a potential low-cost raw material to produce bioactive glasses. The analysis was focused on a bioactive glass, named BG_Ca, whose composition comes from the standard Bioglass® 45S5, got by increasing as much as possible the CaO content to combine a controlled behaviour during processing and a good apatite-forming ability in a simulated body fluid (SBF). This preliminary investigation shows that animal flour ash is a versatile material,which may be successfully used for several applications as various as the production of fertilisers and the preparation of bioactive glasses.