Detection of Free Radical Intermediates in the Oxidative Metabolism of Carcinogenic Hydrazine Derivatives

Hydrazine derivatives are widely used in agriculture, in industry, as rocket propellants, and in medicine. Hydrazines also occur naturally in tobacco and mushrooms. Many hydrazines tested in animal studies appear to be carcinogenic and induce tumors in various target tissues in mice, hamsters, and rats. The use of hydrazine derivatives in humans is often complicated by adverse side-effects such as liver injury and rheumatoid arthritis. A number of studies have demonstrated that hydrazine derivatives are activated to reactive intermediates, such as free radicals, through a variety of cellular oxidative metabolic pathways. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the occurrence of free radical intermediates during the metabolic activation of various hydrazine derivatives and to characterize the enzymatic system(s) responsible for the activation to free radical species. The hydrazines studied are acetylhydrazine, isoniazid, isopropylhydrazine, iproniazid, methylhydrazine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The model systems chosen are those of rat liver microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Free radical intermediates have been demonstrated by the electron spin resonance spectroscopy coupled to spin trapping technique. The activation mechanism has been characterized using inhibitors of the mixed function oxidase system and of the FAD-dependent oxygenase system. Glutathione was able to scavenge, with high efficiency, the free radicals produced.