AbstractIn this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, against multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and characterized DNA damage-related mechanisms of cell death. 5-Azacytidine showed significant cytotoxicity against both conventional therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant MM cell lines, as well as multidrug-resistant patient-derived MM cells, with IC(50) of approximately 0.8-3 micromol/L. Conversely, 5-azacytidine was not cytotoxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells or patient-derived bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) at these doses. Importantly, 5-azacytidine overcame the survival and growth advantages conferred by exogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), or by adherence of MM cells to BMSCs. 5-Azacytidine treatment induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses, as evidenced by H2AX, Chk2, and p53 phosphorylations, and apoptosis of MM cells. 5-Azacytidine-induced apoptosis was both caspase dependent and independent, with caspase 8 and caspase 9 cleavage; Mcl-1 cleavage; Bax, Puma, and Noxa up-regulation; as well as release of AIF and EndoG from the mitochondria. Finally, we show that 5-azacytidine-induced DNA DSB responses were mediated predominantly by ATR, and that doxorubicin, as well as bortezomib, synergistically enhanced 5-azacytidine-induced MM cell death. Taken together, these data provide the preclinical rationale for the clinical evaluation of 5-azacytidine, alone and in combination with doxorubicin and bortezomib, to improve patient outcome in MM.

5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induces ATR-mediated DNA double-strand break responses, apoptosis, and synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin and bortezomib against multiple myeloma cells / T., Kiziltepe; T., Hideshima; L., Catley; N., Raje; H., Yasui; N., Shiraishi; Y., Okawa; H., Ikeda; S., Vallet; Pozzi, Samantha; K., Ishitsuka; E. M., Ocio; D., Chauhan; K. C., Anderson. - In: MOLECULAR CANCER THERAPEUTICS. - ISSN 1535-7163. - ELETTRONICO. - 6(2007), pp. 1718-1727.

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