Our aim was to compare the need for analgesics/drugs of abuse between headache patients-chronic and episodic headache sufferers-and addicts, by the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ). This is a self-completion 10-item instrument to measure dependence upon a variety of substances. We administered the LDQ questionnaire to 122 chronic daily headache (CDH) sufferers who had been taking one dose of analgesic drug every day for at least 1 year; 71 subjects suffering from episodic headache (EH) using analgesics only occasionally; 115 consecutive drug addicts (DA) with a diagnosis of substance dependence. The mean LDQ total score was similar in the CDH (11.58 +/- 6.35) and DA (10.37 +/- 6.51) groups, and for both it was significantly higher than the score in the EH (5.61 +/- 3.00) group (P < 0.001). The CDH group had the highest scores, and higher scores than the DA group (Z = -8.18, P < 0.001) in item 8, assessing the primacy of effect over the kind of analgesic used, and in item 10 (Z = -5.03, P < 0.001), asking if it is difficult to live without the analgesic; the DA group had the highest scores, and higher scores than the CDH group, in item 9 (Z = -5.07, P < 0.001) addressing the need for the continued administration of the drug to maintain well-being, and in item 3 (Z =-2.39, P < 0.05), exploring compulsion to start the use of the drug. The EH group had lower scores in all items (P < 0.05) except for item 9, where there was no difference from CDH group; the EH group had also lower scores (P < 0.001) than the DA group, except for item 8, where, instead, the score was higher than in the DA group (Z = -5.33, P < 0.001). A strong link develops between chronic headache patients and the analgesics they use. This sort of 'dependence' appears to be a consequence of headache, originating from the necessity for the analgesic to cope with everyday life.

Need for analgesics/drugs of abuse: a comparison between headache patients and addicts by the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) / Ferrari, Anna; A. F. G., Cicero; Bertolini, Alfio; S., Leone; G., Pasciullo; Sternieri, Emilio. - In: CEPHALALGIA. - ISSN 0333-1024. - STAMPA. - 26(2006), pp. 187-193. [10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01020.x]

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