Since its development in the 1950s, the pressurizedmetered-dose inhaler (pMDI) has become popular withboth patients and clinicians, and it is now available todeliver virtually all drugs used in the treatment of asthmaand chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Originally, chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) were used as propellantsin these devices, but the Montreal Protocol(1989) has led to the need for CFCs to be replaced bynon-ozone-depleting substances such as the hydrofl uoroalkanes(HFAs) HFA-134a and HFA-227ea. These alternativepropellants, although safe toxicologically, havesignifi cantly different physico-chemical properties ascompared with CFCs, making the transition more complexthan was initially anticipated. Indeed, the transitionfrom CFC- to HFA-based pMDIs has been slow for avariety of reasons, including the need to re-design theinhaler valves to cope with the physico-chemical differencesof solutions with respect to suspensions; thepatent minefi eld imposing constraints on formulationand device design opportunities, and the tighteningof drug delivery performance criteria imposed by regulatoryauthorities.
CFC phase-out and the Chiesi solution / G., Huchon; Fabbri, Leonardo. - In: RESPIRATION. - ISSN 0025-7931. - STAMPA. - 72:1(2005), pp. 1-2. [10.1159/000083685]
CFC phase-out and the Chiesi solution
FABBRI, Leonardo
2005
Abstract
Since its development in the 1950s, the pressurizedmetered-dose inhaler (pMDI) has become popular withboth patients and clinicians, and it is now available todeliver virtually all drugs used in the treatment of asthmaand chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Originally, chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) were used as propellantsin these devices, but the Montreal Protocol(1989) has led to the need for CFCs to be replaced bynon-ozone-depleting substances such as the hydrofl uoroalkanes(HFAs) HFA-134a and HFA-227ea. These alternativepropellants, although safe toxicologically, havesignifi cantly different physico-chemical properties ascompared with CFCs, making the transition more complexthan was initially anticipated. Indeed, the transitionfrom CFC- to HFA-based pMDIs has been slow for avariety of reasons, including the need to re-design theinhaler valves to cope with the physico-chemical differencesof solutions with respect to suspensions; thepatent minefi eld imposing constraints on formulationand device design opportunities, and the tighteningof drug delivery performance criteria imposed by regulatoryauthorities.
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