Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a highly heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions with early-onset impairments in social communication and unusually restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. The global prevalence of ASD is about 1%. Genetic factors underlie important ASD risk with greater recognition of the impact of rare mutations and common variants. The contribution of epigenetic and environmental factors also underscores great interindividual variability. Important challenges remain in diagnosing ASD. Early detection and early intensive behavioral and developmental interventions are paramount for improving social communication and quality of life. The high rate of associated medical and psychiatric conditions represents a major burden on affected individuals and their families. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments can help reduce the impact of associated comorbidities. Person-centered and multidisciplinary care services and promotion of inclusionary social environment need to be a universal standard worldwide.