This research offers a new perspective on the relationship between religious teaching orders and the development of physico-mathematical disciplines in early modern Rome. The study focuses on the Piarist Order (Clerics Regular Poor of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools), highlighting how these communities, beyond the much-studied case of the Jesuits, constituted an original alternative whose historical evolution was deeply intertwined with their institutional and pedagogical identity. From its very origins, the Piarist Order was founded as a teaching congregation primarily devoted to the education of the lower social classes. For this reason, it remained less bound to the Thomistic framework in its philosophical interpretation of nature. Over time, however, the ambition to gain higher positions within the educational system led the Piarists to engage with external intellectual resources, gradually filling the epistemological gap imposed by religious orthodoxy. Within this process, mathematics and natural philosophy became a privileged field of mediation, as shown by their encounter with figures such as Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. The analysis of manuscripts by one of Borelli’s Piarist disciples, Filippo Tosini, reveals a particularly significant evolution of scientific questions and a remarkably modern epistemological mindset. His works - among them the Trattato della Sfera and the Difesa del Sistema Copernicano (1698) - display a progressive clarification of scientific positions, exemplifying the phenomenon of “crypto-Copernicanism” that characterized a substantial part of Catholic scientific culture in the late seventeenth century. Tosini’s lectures at the Studium Urbis of Urbino further demonstrate how innovative approaches circulated through teachers, manuscripts, and didactic networks within religious orders, in close dialogue with the broader Respublica litteraria. More generally, his work allows us to observe the transition from a science still grounded in a metaphysical framework—such as that embodied in the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum—to a phenomenological science concerned not with explaining why things exist as they do, but with describing how they function. At the same time, Tosini’s training in moral theology at Sant’Andrea della Valle, in an environment shaped by probabilism, shows how the notion of contingency in moral reasoning influenced his epistemological stance toward nature. The intersection between moral theology and natural philosophy thus reveals the originality of the Piarist contribution: an autonomous path of scientific appropriation that combined doctrinal prudence with methodological openness. Overall, this study argues that the Piarists, through figures such as Filippo Tosini, actively participated in the cultural and epistemological transformations of the seventeenth century, contributing to the redefinition of scientific education and the circulation of knowledge within early modern Catholic culture.

La ricerca intende offrire una nuova prospettiva sul rapporto tra gli ordini religiosi dediti all’insegnamento e lo sviluppo delle discipline fisico-matematiche nella Roma della prima età moderna. Il fuoco dell’indagine è posto sull’Ordine degli Scolopi (Chierici Regolari Poveri della Madre di Dio delle Scuole Pie), per mettere in luce come queste comunità, al di là del caso, ben più studiato, dei Gesuiti, abbiano rappresentato un’alternativa originale, la cui evoluzione storica fu strettamente connessa alla propria identità istituzionale e pedagogica. Fin dalle origini, l’Ordine scolopico nacque come congregazione insegnante destinata principalmente all’educazione delle classi popolari. Per tale ragione, esso mantenne a lungo un rapporto meno vincolato con il paradigma tomista nella lettura filosofica della natura. Tuttavia, l’ambizione crescente di assumere un ruolo più alto all’interno del sistema educativo spinse gli Scolopi a confrontarsi con saperi esterni, colmando progressivamente il divario epistemologico imposto dall’ortodossia religiosa. In questo quadro, la matematica e la filosofia naturale costituirono un terreno privilegiato di mediazione, come testimonia l’incontro con figure quali Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. L’analisi dei manoscritti di uno dei suoi discepoli scolopi, Filippo Tosini, rivela un’evoluzione particolarmente significativa delle questioni scientifiche e una mentalità epistemologica di sorprendente modernità. Dai suoi scritti – tra cui il Trattato della Sfera e la Difesa del Sistema Copernicano (1698) – emerge un percorso di progressiva chiarificazione teorica, espressione di quel “cripto-copernicanesimo” che caratterizzò una parte rilevante della cultura scientifica cattolica del tardo Seicento. Le sue lezioni presso lo Studium Urbis di Urbino mostrano inoltre come approcci innovativi potessero circolare attraverso maestri, manoscritti e reti didattiche interne agli ordini religiosi, in dialogo con la più ampia Respublica litteraria. In prospettiva più generale, l’opera di Tosini consente di osservare il passaggio da una scienza ancorata a un quadro metafisico, come quello della Ratio Studiorum gesuitica, a una scienza di tipo fenomenologico, interessata non tanto al “perché” delle cose, quanto al “come” esse funzionano. Parallelamente, la formazione morale e teologica di Tosini, maturata nell’ambiente probabilista di Sant’Andrea della Valle, mostra come le riflessioni sulla contingenza del giudizio morale abbiano influito sulla sua concezione epistemologica della natura. In questo intreccio di teologia morale e filosofia naturale si manifesta l’originalità del contributo scolopico: una via autonoma di appropriazione del sapere scientifico, capace di fondere prudenza dottrinale e apertura metodologica. Nel suo complesso, la tesi intende dimostrare come gli Scolopi, attraverso figure come Tosini, parteciparono pienamente alle trasformazioni culturali ed epistemologiche del Seicento, contribuendo a ridefinire il ruolo dell’insegnamento scientifico e la circolazione delle idee all’interno della cultura cattolica dell’età moderna.

Sapere celeste, sapere terrestre. Formazione e prassi della fisico-matematica dello scolopio Filippo di san Michele (1677-1704) e la ricezione del magistero borelliano / Daniele De Camillis , 2026 Sep 07. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Sapere celeste, sapere terrestre. Formazione e prassi della fisico-matematica dello scolopio Filippo di san Michele (1677-1704) e la ricezione del magistero borelliano

DE CAMILLIS, DANIELE
2026

Abstract

This research offers a new perspective on the relationship between religious teaching orders and the development of physico-mathematical disciplines in early modern Rome. The study focuses on the Piarist Order (Clerics Regular Poor of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools), highlighting how these communities, beyond the much-studied case of the Jesuits, constituted an original alternative whose historical evolution was deeply intertwined with their institutional and pedagogical identity. From its very origins, the Piarist Order was founded as a teaching congregation primarily devoted to the education of the lower social classes. For this reason, it remained less bound to the Thomistic framework in its philosophical interpretation of nature. Over time, however, the ambition to gain higher positions within the educational system led the Piarists to engage with external intellectual resources, gradually filling the epistemological gap imposed by religious orthodoxy. Within this process, mathematics and natural philosophy became a privileged field of mediation, as shown by their encounter with figures such as Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. The analysis of manuscripts by one of Borelli’s Piarist disciples, Filippo Tosini, reveals a particularly significant evolution of scientific questions and a remarkably modern epistemological mindset. His works - among them the Trattato della Sfera and the Difesa del Sistema Copernicano (1698) - display a progressive clarification of scientific positions, exemplifying the phenomenon of “crypto-Copernicanism” that characterized a substantial part of Catholic scientific culture in the late seventeenth century. Tosini’s lectures at the Studium Urbis of Urbino further demonstrate how innovative approaches circulated through teachers, manuscripts, and didactic networks within religious orders, in close dialogue with the broader Respublica litteraria. More generally, his work allows us to observe the transition from a science still grounded in a metaphysical framework—such as that embodied in the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum—to a phenomenological science concerned not with explaining why things exist as they do, but with describing how they function. At the same time, Tosini’s training in moral theology at Sant’Andrea della Valle, in an environment shaped by probabilism, shows how the notion of contingency in moral reasoning influenced his epistemological stance toward nature. The intersection between moral theology and natural philosophy thus reveals the originality of the Piarist contribution: an autonomous path of scientific appropriation that combined doctrinal prudence with methodological openness. Overall, this study argues that the Piarists, through figures such as Filippo Tosini, actively participated in the cultural and epistemological transformations of the seventeenth century, contributing to the redefinition of scientific education and the circulation of knowledge within early modern Catholic culture.
Heavenly Knowledge and Earthly Knowledge: Scientific Education and the development of Physico-Mathematics within the Borellian School of San Pantaleo in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century.
7-set-2026
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