This dissertation examines Bon yogic literature with a focus on practices of channels and winds (rtsa rlung), physical postures (’khrul ’khor), and methods of visualizing breath and seminal drops within the cakras. Far from being peripheral techniques, these practices are central to the Bon tantric tradition, while in the rDzogs chen context they are presented as supportive methods. In both cases, they function as a bridge between philosophical view and embodied realization. The study investigates the historical development of Bon rDzogs chen literature through the dual lenses of emic and etic perspectives. The emic framework underscores mythopoeic continuity and the assertion of an unbroken lineage, whereas the etic framework situates these materials within their broader historical, cultural, and intellectual contexts. Focusing on the four foundational rDzogs chen cycles, their commentarial traditions, and later treasure revelations, the analysis traces how yogic instructions were codified, transmitted, and reinterpreted across centuries. This demonstrates not only the textual and doctrinal evolution of Bon rDzogs chen but also the dynamic interplay between continuity, innovation, and identity formation within the tradition. Methodologically, the research combines philological study, translation, and ethnographic observation. Multiple editions of key texts—including the Zhang zhung snyan rgyud ’phrul ’khor zhal shes man ngag, the A khrid cycle, the Yongs rtse klong chen system, and the Ma rgyud—were compared to produce critical analyses of textual variants. Four primary sources and their major commentaries were translated, forming the backbone of the thesis. Alongside the textual study, material was gathered from Triten Norbutse Monastery through online interviews, observation of practice sessions, and photographic documentation, enabling comparison between classical instructions and contemporary monastic training. The findings reveal that rtsa rlung and ’khrul ’khor have been preserved with remarkable continuity: posture sequences, breathing stages, and ritual frameworks described in early twentieth-century commentaries remain in active practice at Triten Norbutse today. At the same time, the tradition has adapted to modern circumstances through illustrated manuals, video instruction, and translations, extending its reach to global audiences without losing its doctrinal core. Philological comparison further shows how subtle textual differences—such as mi rtog versus mi rtogs—can shift meaning and influence practice, underscoring the importance of critical editions. Cultural and linguistic analysis also highlights how posture names and Zhang-zhung vocabulary root these practices in the ecological and mythic world of Tibet. This dissertation contributes to scholarship by clarifying the textual history of Bon yogic literature, documenting its living transmission, and demonstrating that somatic practices are central to the Bon tantric tradition while also playing a significant role in rDzogs chen. By integrating philology, translation, and ethnographic observation, it offers a comprehensive account of how texts and practices have been shaped, transmitted, and embodied across centuries, situating Bon yoga within the broader landscape of Tibetan subtle-body traditions.
Questa tesi esamina la letteratura yogica bon, con particolare attenzione alle pratiche dei canali e dei venti (rtsa rlung), alle posture fisiche (’khrul ’khor) e ai metodi di visualizzazione del respiro e delle gocce seminali all’interno dei cakra. Lungi dall’essere tecniche marginali, tali pratiche sono centrali nella tradizione tantrica bon, mentre nel contesto rDzogs chen vengono presentate come metodi di supporto. In entrambi i casi, esse funzionano come un ponte tra la visione filosofica e la realizzazione incarnata. Lo studio indaga lo sviluppo storico della letteratura bon rDzogs chen attraverso la duplice lente delle prospettive emiche ed etiche. Il quadro emico sottolinea la continuità mitopoietica e l’affermazione di una trasmissione ininterrotta, mentre quello etico colloca questi materiali nei loro più ampi contesti storici, culturali e intellettuali. Concentrandosi sui quattro cicli fondamentali del rDzogs chen, sulle loro tradizioni esegetiche e sulle successive rivelazioni di tesori (gter ma), l’analisi ricostruisce come le istruzioni yogiche siano state codificate, trasmesse e reinterpretate nei secoli. Ne risulta non solo l’evoluzione testuale e dottrinale del rDzogs chen bon, ma anche la dinamica interazione tra continuità, innovazione e formazione identitaria all’interno della tradizione. Dal punto di vista metodologico, la ricerca combina lo studio filologico, la traduzione e l’osservazione etnografica. Sono state confrontate diverse edizioni di testi chiave — tra cui lo Zhang zhung snyan rgyud ’phrul ’khor zhal shes man ngag, il ciclo A khrid, il sistema Yongs rtse klong chen e il Ma rgyud — per produrre analisi critiche delle varianti testuali. Quattro fonti primarie e i loro principali commentari sono stati tradotti, costituendo l’ossatura della tesi. Accanto allo studio testuale, il materiale è stato raccolto presso il monastero di Triten Norbutse tramite interviste online, osservazione di sessioni di pratica e documentazione fotografica, consentendo un confronto tra le istruzioni classiche e la formazione monastica contemporanea. I risultati rivelano che rtsa rlung e ’khrul ’khor sono stati preservati con una notevole continuità: le sequenze di posture, le fasi del respiro e i quadri rituali descritti nei commentari del primo Novecento rimangono oggi in uso attivo a Triten Norbutse. Allo stesso tempo, la tradizione si è adattata alle circostanze moderne tramite manuali illustrati, istruzioni video e traduzioni, estendendo la propria diffusione a un pubblico globale senza perdere il nucleo dottrinale. Il confronto filologico mostra inoltre come sottili differenze testuali — come mi rtog rispetto a mi rtogs — possano modificare il significato e influenzare la pratica, sottolineando l’importanza di edizioni critiche. L’analisi culturale e linguistica evidenzia infine come i nomi delle posture e il vocabolario zhang-zhung radichino queste pratiche nel mondo ecologico e mitico del Tibet. Questa tesi contribuisce agli studi chiarendo la storia testuale della letteratura yogica bon, documentandone la trasmissione vivente e dimostrando che le pratiche somatiche sono centrali nella tradizione tantrica bon e rivestono un ruolo significativo anche nel rDzogs chen. Integrando filologia, traduzione e osservazione etnografica, essa offre una trattazione complessiva di come testi e pratiche siano stati modellati, trasmessi e incarnati nei secoli, collocando lo yoga bon nel più ampio panorama delle tradizioni tibetane del corpo sottile.
Lo sviluppo storico e letterario dei canali, dei soffi e dei movimenti yogici (rTsa rlung ’khrul ’khor) nelle tradizioni rDzogs chen e tantriche del Bon / Phuntsok Namgyal , 2026 Sep 07. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Lo sviluppo storico e letterario dei canali, dei soffi e dei movimenti yogici (rTsa rlung ’khrul ’khor) nelle tradizioni rDzogs chen e tantriche del Bon
NAMGYAL, PHUNTSOK
2026
Abstract
This dissertation examines Bon yogic literature with a focus on practices of channels and winds (rtsa rlung), physical postures (’khrul ’khor), and methods of visualizing breath and seminal drops within the cakras. Far from being peripheral techniques, these practices are central to the Bon tantric tradition, while in the rDzogs chen context they are presented as supportive methods. In both cases, they function as a bridge between philosophical view and embodied realization. The study investigates the historical development of Bon rDzogs chen literature through the dual lenses of emic and etic perspectives. The emic framework underscores mythopoeic continuity and the assertion of an unbroken lineage, whereas the etic framework situates these materials within their broader historical, cultural, and intellectual contexts. Focusing on the four foundational rDzogs chen cycles, their commentarial traditions, and later treasure revelations, the analysis traces how yogic instructions were codified, transmitted, and reinterpreted across centuries. This demonstrates not only the textual and doctrinal evolution of Bon rDzogs chen but also the dynamic interplay between continuity, innovation, and identity formation within the tradition. Methodologically, the research combines philological study, translation, and ethnographic observation. Multiple editions of key texts—including the Zhang zhung snyan rgyud ’phrul ’khor zhal shes man ngag, the A khrid cycle, the Yongs rtse klong chen system, and the Ma rgyud—were compared to produce critical analyses of textual variants. Four primary sources and their major commentaries were translated, forming the backbone of the thesis. Alongside the textual study, material was gathered from Triten Norbutse Monastery through online interviews, observation of practice sessions, and photographic documentation, enabling comparison between classical instructions and contemporary monastic training. The findings reveal that rtsa rlung and ’khrul ’khor have been preserved with remarkable continuity: posture sequences, breathing stages, and ritual frameworks described in early twentieth-century commentaries remain in active practice at Triten Norbutse today. At the same time, the tradition has adapted to modern circumstances through illustrated manuals, video instruction, and translations, extending its reach to global audiences without losing its doctrinal core. Philological comparison further shows how subtle textual differences—such as mi rtog versus mi rtogs—can shift meaning and influence practice, underscoring the importance of critical editions. Cultural and linguistic analysis also highlights how posture names and Zhang-zhung vocabulary root these practices in the ecological and mythic world of Tibet. This dissertation contributes to scholarship by clarifying the textual history of Bon yogic literature, documenting its living transmission, and demonstrating that somatic practices are central to the Bon tantric tradition while also playing a significant role in rDzogs chen. By integrating philology, translation, and ethnographic observation, it offers a comprehensive account of how texts and practices have been shaped, transmitted, and embodied across centuries, situating Bon yoga within the broader landscape of Tibetan subtle-body traditions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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