Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skin fragility and intraepidermal blistering, which predisposes patients to recurrent risk of infections, dehydration, and chronic pain. EBS is mainly caused by dominant mutations in two structural genes, KRT5 and KRT14, encoding for keratins 5 (K5) and 14 (K14), respectively. Although no curative treatment is currently available, recent advances in gene therapy have opened promising prospective for the development of disease-modifying interventions. Among these, genome editing of epidermal stem cells holds a great promise. The objective of this study is to establish a universal gene editing approach capable of simultaneously correcting all pathogenic mutations affecting a single EBS-associated gene in human epidermal stem cells, thereby providing the basis for a permanent therapeutic solution. To this end, we combined the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system with donor templates of increasing length, with the larger carrying the healthy copy of KRT14 gene. In parallel, we compared different platforms for large-template donor delivery in terms of efficiency and safety. Initially, we used a recombinant Adeno Associated Virus (rAAV)-based donor template to target the KRT14 locus for site-specific insertion of an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) sequence fused to a codon-optimized exon 1 of KRT14, downstream its endogenous promoter. Successful homologous recombination resulted in the expression of a fluorescent chimeric K14 protein, detectable in up to 60% of patient-derived primary keratinocytes. Several studies have investigated the use of small molecules to enhance Homology Directed Repair (HDR)-mediated genome editing in primary cells, while minimizing genotoxicity. To further promote targeted integration in primary keratinocytes, we employed two HDR-promoting compounds, AZD7648 and ART558, which markedly improved the editing efficiency up to 90%, hence increasing the probability of targeting the epidermal stem cell population. We next implemented the length of the construct to deliver the therapeutic KRT14 coding sequence, which surprisingly exhibited editing efficiencies comparable to those achieved with the shorter template. To mitigate the risk of rAAV-associated integrations, we tested a non-viral circular single-stranded DNA (cssDNA) donor template, achieving up to 20% editing efficiency under standard conditions and 40% with HDR-promoting molecules. To date, our results demonstrated the highest efficiency reported for large donor templates in human primary keratinocytes and identified rAAV as the most effective platform for HDR-mediated gene correction. Ongoing work focuses on optimizing cssDNA efficacy as well as characterizing editing outcomes within the stem cell compartment with both delivery platforms, while seeking to minimize CRISPR–Cas9 unwanted on and off-target events. In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of efficient large-template gene editing and paves the way for a universal therapeutic strategy for EBS, extendable to other EB genes and monogenic diseases. By this means, a single molecular therapy could benefit multiple patients affected by a rare genetic disease.

L'Epidermolisi Bollosa Semplice (EBS) è una rara malattia genetica caratterizzata da fragilità cutanea, che predispone i pazienti a un rischio ricorrente di infezioni, disidratazione e dolore cronico. L’EBS è causata principalmente da mutazioni dominanti in due geni strutturali, KRT5 e KRT14, che codificano rispettivamente per le cheratine 5 (K5) e 14 (K14). Sebbene attualmente non esista una cura definitiva, i recenti progressi nella terapia genica hanno aperto prospettive promettenti per modificare il decorso della malattia. Tra questi, l’editing genomico delle cellule staminali epidermiche rappresenta una possibilità molto promettente. L’obiettivo di questo studio è sviluppare un approccio universale di editing genetico capace di correggere simultaneamente tutte le mutazioni patogene che colpiscono un singolo gene associato all’EBS nelle cellule staminali epidermiche umane, fornendo così le basi per una soluzione terapeutica permanente. A tal fine, abbiamo combinato il sistema Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 con templati donatori di lunghezza crescente, di cui il più grande trasportava la copia sana del gene KRT14. In parallelo, abbiamo confrontato diverse piattaforme per veicolare i templati donatori di grandi dimensioni. Inizialmente, abbiamo utilizzato un templato donatore basato su Virus Adeno-Associato ricombinante (rAAV) per colpire il locus KRT14 e ottenere l’inserzione sito-specifica di una sequenza codificante per la Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), fusa a un esone 1 del gene KRT14 ottimizzato per il codone, a valle del promotore endogeno. L’esito positivo della ricombinazione ha portato all’espressione di una proteina K14 chimerica fluorescente, rilevabile nel 60% circa dei cheratinociti primari derivati da paziente. Diversi studi hanno impiegato piccole molecole per migliorare l’editing genomico mediato da riparazione omologa (HDR) nelle cellule primarie, minimizzando al contempo la genotossicità. Per favorire ulteriormente l’integrazione mirata nei cheratinociti primari, abbiamo impiegato due composti che promuovono l’HDR, AZD7648 e ART558, che hanno migliorato significativamente l’efficienza di editing fino al 90%, aumentando quindi la probabilità di colpire la popolazione di cellule staminali epidermiche. Successivamente, abbiamo aumentato la lunghezza del costrutto per veicolare la sequenza codificante terapeutica del gene KRT14, che ha mostrato un’efficienza di editing comparabile a quella ottenuta con il templato più corto. Per ridurre il rischio di integrazioni associate all’impiego del rAAV, abbiamo testato un templato non virale costituito da DNA circolare a singolo filamento (cssDNA), ottenendo fino al 20% di editing in condizioni standard e fino al 40% in presenza di molecole promuoventi l’HDR. Ad oggi, i nostri risultati hanno dimostrato la massima efficienza finora riportata per templati donatori di grandi dimensioni nei cheratinociti primari umani, identificando rAAV come la piattaforma più efficace per la correzione genica mediata da HDR. I lavori in corso si concentrano sull’ottimizzazione dell’efficacia del cssDNA e sulla caratterizzazione degli esiti dell’editing all’interno della popolazione di cellule staminali con entrambe le piattaforme di consegna, cercando al contempo di minimizzare gli effetti indesiderati del sistema CRISPR–Cas9. In sintesi, questo studio dimostra la fattibilità dell’ottenere un editing genico efficiente con templati di grandi dimensioni e apre la strada a una strategia terapeutica universale per l’EBS, estendibile anche ad altri geni coinvolti nell’ Epidermolisi Bollosa e ad altre malattie monogeniche. In questo modo, una singola terapia molecolare potrebbe portare beneficio a più pazienti affetti da una malattia genetica rara.

Sviluppo di una strategia universale di editing genetico mediante riparazione omologa mediata da un ampio templato nelle cellule staminali epidermiche umane / Silvia Zacchino , 2026 Jun 17. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Sviluppo di una strategia universale di editing genetico mediante riparazione omologa mediata da un ampio templato nelle cellule staminali epidermiche umane

ZACCHINO, SILVIA
2026

Abstract

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skin fragility and intraepidermal blistering, which predisposes patients to recurrent risk of infections, dehydration, and chronic pain. EBS is mainly caused by dominant mutations in two structural genes, KRT5 and KRT14, encoding for keratins 5 (K5) and 14 (K14), respectively. Although no curative treatment is currently available, recent advances in gene therapy have opened promising prospective for the development of disease-modifying interventions. Among these, genome editing of epidermal stem cells holds a great promise. The objective of this study is to establish a universal gene editing approach capable of simultaneously correcting all pathogenic mutations affecting a single EBS-associated gene in human epidermal stem cells, thereby providing the basis for a permanent therapeutic solution. To this end, we combined the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system with donor templates of increasing length, with the larger carrying the healthy copy of KRT14 gene. In parallel, we compared different platforms for large-template donor delivery in terms of efficiency and safety. Initially, we used a recombinant Adeno Associated Virus (rAAV)-based donor template to target the KRT14 locus for site-specific insertion of an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) sequence fused to a codon-optimized exon 1 of KRT14, downstream its endogenous promoter. Successful homologous recombination resulted in the expression of a fluorescent chimeric K14 protein, detectable in up to 60% of patient-derived primary keratinocytes. Several studies have investigated the use of small molecules to enhance Homology Directed Repair (HDR)-mediated genome editing in primary cells, while minimizing genotoxicity. To further promote targeted integration in primary keratinocytes, we employed two HDR-promoting compounds, AZD7648 and ART558, which markedly improved the editing efficiency up to 90%, hence increasing the probability of targeting the epidermal stem cell population. We next implemented the length of the construct to deliver the therapeutic KRT14 coding sequence, which surprisingly exhibited editing efficiencies comparable to those achieved with the shorter template. To mitigate the risk of rAAV-associated integrations, we tested a non-viral circular single-stranded DNA (cssDNA) donor template, achieving up to 20% editing efficiency under standard conditions and 40% with HDR-promoting molecules. To date, our results demonstrated the highest efficiency reported for large donor templates in human primary keratinocytes and identified rAAV as the most effective platform for HDR-mediated gene correction. Ongoing work focuses on optimizing cssDNA efficacy as well as characterizing editing outcomes within the stem cell compartment with both delivery platforms, while seeking to minimize CRISPR–Cas9 unwanted on and off-target events. In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of efficient large-template gene editing and paves the way for a universal therapeutic strategy for EBS, extendable to other EB genes and monogenic diseases. By this means, a single molecular therapy could benefit multiple patients affected by a rare genetic disease.
Development of a universal gene editing strategy by large template-driven homology-directed repair in human epidermal stem cells
17-giu-2026
DE LUCA, Michele
DE ROSA, LAURA
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1411252
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