JAK2V617F is the most common mutation involved in Philadelphia-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN), which are characterized by clonal proliferation of mature cells sustained by JAK/STAT pathway hyperactivation. Each patient clonality is additionally shaped by co-occurring mutations and Copy Number Variations (CNV). Since JAK2 gene is located on chromosome 9 short arm (Chr9p), and JAK2V617F Variant Allele Frequency has a major impact on disease severity, any copy number alteration involving its locus can be of clinical significance for disease evolution. This study identified a subgroup of MPN patients with partial or complete chromosome 9 short arm trisomy (+9p) and outlined the biological features of MPN pathology in this setting. The analysed cohort includes JAK2-heterozygous patients (n=10), JAK2-homozygous patients (n=10) and patients carrying the duplication of chromosome 9p alongside JAK2 driver mutation (n=12). To investigate the genetic profile of +9p patients, we employed single CD34+ cell-derived colonies cultured in semisolid medium to record JAK2 copy number and mutational status through ddPCR. Our findings revealed that most colonies exhibited three copies of JAK2, with 2 out of 3 alleles harboring JAK2V617F. Moreover, by analyzing the relative abundance of each combination of ploidy-genotype, our data identified the chronological order of molecular events being JAK2V617F mutation happening first, followed by the duplication of chromosome 9p carrying JAK2 mutation. Moving on from genomic to functional analysis, both methylcellulose and collagen clonogenic assays revealed a higher colony formation capacity and a more primitive phenotype of +9p patients’ CD34+ cells. Remarkably, located downstream of JAK2 on Chr9p is CD274 gene, coding for the immune checkpoint mediator PD-L1, which was found upregulated in different myeloid cells from +9p patients. Starting from published evidence that PD-L1 can promote the expression of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and NANOG in breast cancer through AKT activity, we confirmed the upregulation of both transcription factors in +9p patients, outlining an analogous mechanism of multipotency sustainment in these patients. To validate the higher dependency on AKT signalling of Chr9p triploid stem and progenitor cells, we tested MK2206 drug, a specific AKT inhibitor, reporting a decreased colony count of +9p patients-derived cells after treatment. The same results were obtained through simultaneous silencing of OCT4 and NANOG expression by means of siRNA nucleofection of CD34+ cells from homozygous and +9p patients. Specifically, the correlation between +9p and CD274, OCT4 and NANOG deregulation was proved by a new approach of coupled genomic-transcriptomic characterization of CD34+ derived colonies, highlighting how OCT4 and NANOG, induced by PD-L1 expression, mediate clonogenic signal transduction via AKT in CD34+ cells with two out of three mutated JAK2 alleles. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed in +9p group a higher frequency of PD-L1+ monocytes, which also showed a strong membrane exposure of PD-L1 by in situ immunofluorescence analysis. Finally, alongside PD-L1+ monocytes, flow cytometry showed that +9p patients display also a significantly higher frequency of exhausted cytotoxic T cells compared to other patients’ groups. Altogether, these results suggest that JAK2-mutated patients with a duplication of chromosome 9 short arm represent a distinct class of MPN patients, characterized by a deregulated interplay between JAK2 and PD-L1/PD1 pathway, which contributes to both multipotency of CD34+ stem and progenitor cells and immune escape of the malignant myeloid clone.

JAK2V617F è la più comune mutazione coinvolta nelle Neoplasie Mieloproliferative (MPN), disordini ematopoietici con proliferazione clonale di cellule mature sostenuta dall’iperattivazione della via di JAK/STAT. La clonalità di ogni paziente è ulteriormente condizionata da mutazioni co-occorrenti e Variazioni del Numero di Copie (CNV). Essendo il gene JAK2 localizzato sul braccio corto del cromosoma 9 (Chr9p), e avendo la Frequenza della Variante Allelica (VAF) di JAK2V617F un impatto rilevante sulla patologia, qualsiasi alterazione del numero di copie che coinvolga il suo locus può essere di rilevanza clinica per l’evoluzione di malattia. Questo studio ha identificato un sottogruppo di pazienti MPN con trisomia del braccio corto del cromosoma 9 (+9p), permettendo di delineare le proprietà biologiche di questo contesto patologico. La coorte reclutata include pazienti con mutazione driver di JAK2, eterozigoti (n=10), omozigoti (n=10), o con duplicazione del cromosoma 9p (n=12). Per indagare il profilo genetico dei pazienti +9p, abbiamo impiegato colonie derivate da singole cellule CD34+ cresciute in terreno semisolido, per verificare il numero di copie e lo stato mutazionale di JAK2 attraverso ddPCR. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato che la maggioranza delle colonie riporta tre copie di JAK2, con due alleli su tre mutati. Inoltre, l’analisi dell’abbondanza relativa di ogni combinazione ploidia-genotipo suggerisce che l’ordine cronologico degli eventi molecolari vede la mutazione driver verificarsi per prima, seguita dalla duplicazione del Chr9p mutato. Passando all’analisi funzionale, entrambi i saggi clonogenici in metilcellulosa e collagene hanno riportato una maggior clonogenicità e un fenotipo più primitivo delle cellule CD34+ dei pazienti +9p. Di rilevante interesse è la localizzazione a valle del locus di JAK2 del gene CD274, codificante per il mediatore del checkpoint immunitario PD-L1, che è risultato upregolato in diversi tipi cellulari mieloidi dei pazienti +9p. Da evidenze in letteratura, PD-L1 è noto per promuovere l’espressione dei fattori della pluripotenza OCT4 e NANOG in cancro mammario attraverso l’attività della chinasi AKT; da queste premesse, abbiamo confermato l’upregolazione di entrambi i fattori nei pazienti +9p, delineando un meccanismo analogo di sostentamento della multipotenza. Per validare l’aumentata dipendenza dall’attività di AKT dei pazienti +9p, è stata testata la molecola bioattiva MK2206, inibitore specifico di AKT, riportando una diminuita conta di colonie in seguito al trattamento. Risultati comparabili sono stati ottenuti attraverso il silenziamento simultaneo di OCT4 e NANOG attraverso nucleofezione di siRNA in cellule +9p CD34+. La correlazione tra +9p e la deregolazione di CD274, OCT4 e NANOG è stata poi confermata da un approccio di duplice caratterizzazione genomica-trascrittomica delle colonie, evidenziando come OCT4 e NANOG, indotti da PD-L1, possano mediare il segnale clonogenico attraverso AKT nelle cellule CD34+ con due alleli JAK2 mutati su tre. Inoltre, analisi citofluorimetriche hanno rivelato nei pazienti +9p una maggior frequenza di monociti PD-L1+, caratterizzati anche tramite analisi di immunofluorescenza in situ da una forte esposizione in membrana di PD-L1. Infine, i pazienti +9p hanno riportato una maggior frequenza di linfociti T esausti, rispetto agli altri gruppi sperimentali. Questi risultati suggeriscono che i pazienti JAK2V617F +9p rappresentano una classe distinta di pazienti MPN, caratterizzati dalla deregolata interazione tra JAK2 e la via di PD-L1/PD1, che contribuisce sia alla multipotenza delle cellule staminali e progenitori CD34+, che all’evasione immunitaria del clone maligno mieloide.

La duplicazione del cromosoma 9p incrementa il potenziale clonogenico delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche e promuove l’evasione immunitaria nelle neoplasie mieloproliferative JAK2-mutate / Matteo Bertesi , 2026 Jun 17. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

La duplicazione del cromosoma 9p incrementa il potenziale clonogenico delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche e promuove l’evasione immunitaria nelle neoplasie mieloproliferative JAK2-mutate

BERTESI, MATTEO
2026

Abstract

JAK2V617F is the most common mutation involved in Philadelphia-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN), which are characterized by clonal proliferation of mature cells sustained by JAK/STAT pathway hyperactivation. Each patient clonality is additionally shaped by co-occurring mutations and Copy Number Variations (CNV). Since JAK2 gene is located on chromosome 9 short arm (Chr9p), and JAK2V617F Variant Allele Frequency has a major impact on disease severity, any copy number alteration involving its locus can be of clinical significance for disease evolution. This study identified a subgroup of MPN patients with partial or complete chromosome 9 short arm trisomy (+9p) and outlined the biological features of MPN pathology in this setting. The analysed cohort includes JAK2-heterozygous patients (n=10), JAK2-homozygous patients (n=10) and patients carrying the duplication of chromosome 9p alongside JAK2 driver mutation (n=12). To investigate the genetic profile of +9p patients, we employed single CD34+ cell-derived colonies cultured in semisolid medium to record JAK2 copy number and mutational status through ddPCR. Our findings revealed that most colonies exhibited three copies of JAK2, with 2 out of 3 alleles harboring JAK2V617F. Moreover, by analyzing the relative abundance of each combination of ploidy-genotype, our data identified the chronological order of molecular events being JAK2V617F mutation happening first, followed by the duplication of chromosome 9p carrying JAK2 mutation. Moving on from genomic to functional analysis, both methylcellulose and collagen clonogenic assays revealed a higher colony formation capacity and a more primitive phenotype of +9p patients’ CD34+ cells. Remarkably, located downstream of JAK2 on Chr9p is CD274 gene, coding for the immune checkpoint mediator PD-L1, which was found upregulated in different myeloid cells from +9p patients. Starting from published evidence that PD-L1 can promote the expression of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and NANOG in breast cancer through AKT activity, we confirmed the upregulation of both transcription factors in +9p patients, outlining an analogous mechanism of multipotency sustainment in these patients. To validate the higher dependency on AKT signalling of Chr9p triploid stem and progenitor cells, we tested MK2206 drug, a specific AKT inhibitor, reporting a decreased colony count of +9p patients-derived cells after treatment. The same results were obtained through simultaneous silencing of OCT4 and NANOG expression by means of siRNA nucleofection of CD34+ cells from homozygous and +9p patients. Specifically, the correlation between +9p and CD274, OCT4 and NANOG deregulation was proved by a new approach of coupled genomic-transcriptomic characterization of CD34+ derived colonies, highlighting how OCT4 and NANOG, induced by PD-L1 expression, mediate clonogenic signal transduction via AKT in CD34+ cells with two out of three mutated JAK2 alleles. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed in +9p group a higher frequency of PD-L1+ monocytes, which also showed a strong membrane exposure of PD-L1 by in situ immunofluorescence analysis. Finally, alongside PD-L1+ monocytes, flow cytometry showed that +9p patients display also a significantly higher frequency of exhausted cytotoxic T cells compared to other patients’ groups. Altogether, these results suggest that JAK2-mutated patients with a duplication of chromosome 9 short arm represent a distinct class of MPN patients, characterized by a deregulated interplay between JAK2 and PD-L1/PD1 pathway, which contributes to both multipotency of CD34+ stem and progenitor cells and immune escape of the malignant myeloid clone.
Chromosome 9p duplication enhances hematopoietic stem cells’ clonogenic potential and promotes immune escape in JAK2-mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms
17-giu-2026
MANFREDINI, Rossella
RONTAUROLI, SEBASTIANO
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1411249
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