**Introduction** Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) represents the predominant form of vasculitis in individuals over 50 years of age within Western populations. Its clinical presentation encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from cranial involvement (cranial-GCA) to large-vessel involvement (LV-GCA), with frequent overlapping manifestations. Notably, GCA is an important cause of non-infectious aortitis in this demographic, with potential for severe long-term complications such as aneurysm formation and dissection. Imaging modalities, particularly 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), are essential for diagnosis and monitoring, as they enable assessment of vascular inflammation and therapeutic response. Visual assessment of PET scans employs a 4-point scoring system comparing arterial FDG uptake to hepatic activity. While practical, this approach is inherently subjective. Semi-quantitative techniques, including standardized uptake value (SUV)-based target-to-background ratios (TBR), offer enhanced reproducibility but are often time-consuming and may not accurately reflect the total inflammatory burden. Composite scoring systems such as PET Vascular Activity Score (PETVAS) or Total Vascular Score (TVS) provide semi-quantitative insights but can encounter limitations like ceiling effects or underestimation in segmental disease. Quantitative parameters, including total inflammatory vascular volume (TIVV) and total inflammatory glycolysis volume (TIGV), have been proposed to furnish a more comprehensive evaluation of disease activity. This study aimed to: 1. Characterize baseline aortic involvement, estimate rate of aortic growth, and identify predictors of aneurysm development within a retrospective cohort. 2. Assess the utility of TIVV and TIGV in evaluating disease activity and predicting relapse or aortic dilatation in a prospective cohort. **Methods** The project is divided into two parts, each using different cohorts to explore the two aims. For the first aim, data were obtained from a retrospective cohort including patients diagnosed with GCA at two European referral centers. Aortic imaging was obtained via PET/CT, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). For the second aim, PET/CT scans conducted prospectively in the TOPAZIO study were included. PET/CT scans were re-analyzed through both visual and quantitative methods. TIVV and TIGV were calculated using automated algorithms. **Results** The retrospective cohort comprised 157 patients. Baseline aortitis was identified in 60.4% of patients, with 19.6% presenting with aneurysms. The baseline aortic diameter was the strongest predictor of the aortic growth rate and aneurysm development. Although not significant the presence of aortitis was associated with aneurysm development primarily in patients receiving glucocorticoids (HRadj=3.2, 95% CI 0.65-15.7), suggesting the possibility of undertreatment or steroid-resistant disease. The prospective cohort included 18 patients, with analysis of 61 PET/CT scans. TIVV and TIGV demonstrated strong associations with active disease (odds ratios: 4.74 [95% CI 1.23-18.2] and 5.45 [95% CI 1.36-21.8], respectively), as well as with relapse and aortic dilatation (hazard ratios: 2.50 [95% CI 1.07-5.84] and 2.23 [(95% CI 1.04-4.82], respectively). These volumetric parameters outperformed conventional PET metrics such as PETVAS and TVS. **Conclusions** Baseline aortic diameter is a significant predictor of subsequent aortic complications, emphasizing the importance of early imaging assessment. TIVV and TIGV provide superior assessment of vascular inflammation and prognosis in LV-GCA compared to PET imaging parameters.
**Introduzione** L'Arterite a Cellule Giganti (GCA) rappresenta la forma predominante di vasculite nella popolazione occidentale sopra i 50 anni. La GCA è una delle principali cause di aortite non infettiva in questa fascia d’età, con potenziali complicanze gravi a lungo termine come aneurismi e dissecazioni. Lìimaging, in particolare la tomografia a emissione di positroni con 18F-fluorodesossiglucosio (18F-FDG PET/TC), sono fondamentali per la diagnosi e il monitoraggio, consentendo la valutazione dell’infiammazione vascolare e della risposta terapeutica. La valutazione visiva delle PET utilizza una scala a 4 punti confrontando la captazione della parete vascolare dell’FDG con l’attività epatica. Pur essendo pratica, questa modalità è soggettiva. Le tecniche semi-quantitative, come i rapporti target/background basati su standardized uptake value (SUV), offrono una migliore riproducibilità ma sono più dispendiose in termini di tempo e possono non riflettere accuratamente il carico infiammatorio totale. Sistemi compositi come il PET Vascular Activity Score (PETVAS) o il Total Vascular Score (TVS) offrono valutazioni semi-quantitative ma presentano limiti come effetti di “saturazione” o sottostima in caso di captazione segmentale. Parametri quantitativi come il volume infiammatorio vascolare totale (TIVV) e il volume totale della glicolisi infiammatoria (TIGV) sono stati proposti per una valutazione più completa dell’attività di malattia. **Obiettivi** 1. Caratterizzare il coinvolgimento aortico al basale, stimare il tasso di crescita aortica e identificare i predittori dello sviluppo di aneurismi in una coorte retrospettiva. 2. Valutare l’utilità di TIVV e TIGV nella valutazione di attività di malattia e nel predire recidive o dilatazione aortica in una coorte prospettica. **Metodi** Il progetto è suddiviso in due parti. Per il primo obiettivo, i dati sono stati ottenuti da una coorte retrospettiva di pazienti con diagnosi di GCA seguiti in due centri di riferimento europei. L’imaging aortico è stato ottenuto mediante PET/TC, angio-TC (CTA) e angio-RM (MRA). Per il secondo obiettivo, sono state rivalutate le PET/TC eseguite prospetticamente nello studio TOPAZIO. Tutte le PET/CT sono state analizzate sia visivamente che quantitativamente. TIVV e TIGV sono stati calcolati tramite algoritmi automatizzati. **Risultati** La coorte retrospettiva comprendeva 157 pazienti. L’aortite al basale è stata identificata nel 60,4% dei pazienti, mentre il 19,6% presentava aneurismi. Il diametro aortico basale è risultato essere il predittore più significativo del tasso di crescita aortica e dello sviluppo di aneurismi. Sebbene non statisticamente significativa, la presenza di aortite era associata alla progressione aneurismatica, principalmente nei pazienti in trattamento con glucocorticoidi (HR aggiustato = 3,2; IC 95%: 0,65–15,7), suggerendo un possibile sottotrattamento o una malattia resistente agli steroidi. La coorte prospettica includeva 18 pazienti, con un totale di 61 PET/TC. TIVV e TIGV hanno mostrato forti associazioni con la presenza di malattia attiva (odds ratio: 4,74 [IC 95%: 1,23–18,2] e 5,45 [IC 95%: 1,36–21,8], rispettivamente), così come con il rischio di recidiva e dilatazione aortica (hazard ratio: 2,50 [IC 95%: 1,07–5,84] e 2,23 [IC 95%: 1,04–4,82], rispettivamente). Questi parametri volumetrici hanno mostrato performance superiori rispetto ai parametri convenzionali della PET, come PETVAS e TVS. .**Conclusioni** Il diametro aortico basale è il predittore più significativo del tasso di crescita aortica e dello sviluppo di aneurismi, sottolineando l’importanza dell’imaging precoce. TIVV e TIGV offrono una valutazione superiore dell’infiammazione vascolare e della prognosi nei pazienti con LV-GCA rispetto ai parametri PET convenzionali.
Utilità clinica dell'imaging nell'arterite gigantocellulare / Chiara Marvisi , 2026 May 27. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Utilità clinica dell'imaging nell'arterite gigantocellulare
Marvisi, Chiara
2026
Abstract
**Introduction** Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) represents the predominant form of vasculitis in individuals over 50 years of age within Western populations. Its clinical presentation encompasses a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from cranial involvement (cranial-GCA) to large-vessel involvement (LV-GCA), with frequent overlapping manifestations. Notably, GCA is an important cause of non-infectious aortitis in this demographic, with potential for severe long-term complications such as aneurysm formation and dissection. Imaging modalities, particularly 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), are essential for diagnosis and monitoring, as they enable assessment of vascular inflammation and therapeutic response. Visual assessment of PET scans employs a 4-point scoring system comparing arterial FDG uptake to hepatic activity. While practical, this approach is inherently subjective. Semi-quantitative techniques, including standardized uptake value (SUV)-based target-to-background ratios (TBR), offer enhanced reproducibility but are often time-consuming and may not accurately reflect the total inflammatory burden. Composite scoring systems such as PET Vascular Activity Score (PETVAS) or Total Vascular Score (TVS) provide semi-quantitative insights but can encounter limitations like ceiling effects or underestimation in segmental disease. Quantitative parameters, including total inflammatory vascular volume (TIVV) and total inflammatory glycolysis volume (TIGV), have been proposed to furnish a more comprehensive evaluation of disease activity. This study aimed to: 1. Characterize baseline aortic involvement, estimate rate of aortic growth, and identify predictors of aneurysm development within a retrospective cohort. 2. Assess the utility of TIVV and TIGV in evaluating disease activity and predicting relapse or aortic dilatation in a prospective cohort. **Methods** The project is divided into two parts, each using different cohorts to explore the two aims. For the first aim, data were obtained from a retrospective cohort including patients diagnosed with GCA at two European referral centers. Aortic imaging was obtained via PET/CT, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). For the second aim, PET/CT scans conducted prospectively in the TOPAZIO study were included. PET/CT scans were re-analyzed through both visual and quantitative methods. TIVV and TIGV were calculated using automated algorithms. **Results** The retrospective cohort comprised 157 patients. Baseline aortitis was identified in 60.4% of patients, with 19.6% presenting with aneurysms. The baseline aortic diameter was the strongest predictor of the aortic growth rate and aneurysm development. Although not significant the presence of aortitis was associated with aneurysm development primarily in patients receiving glucocorticoids (HRadj=3.2, 95% CI 0.65-15.7), suggesting the possibility of undertreatment or steroid-resistant disease. The prospective cohort included 18 patients, with analysis of 61 PET/CT scans. TIVV and TIGV demonstrated strong associations with active disease (odds ratios: 4.74 [95% CI 1.23-18.2] and 5.45 [95% CI 1.36-21.8], respectively), as well as with relapse and aortic dilatation (hazard ratios: 2.50 [95% CI 1.07-5.84] and 2.23 [(95% CI 1.04-4.82], respectively). These volumetric parameters outperformed conventional PET metrics such as PETVAS and TVS. **Conclusions** Baseline aortic diameter is a significant predictor of subsequent aortic complications, emphasizing the importance of early imaging assessment. TIVV and TIGV provide superior assessment of vascular inflammation and prognosis in LV-GCA compared to PET imaging parameters.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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