Urban Heat Island (UHI), which refers to urbanised areas that are warmer than their surroundings, is the most studied phenomenon among the urban climate field. As expected, the urban canopy plays a central role in the dynamics of the UHI flow, where a typical flow feature is known as the urban heat island circulation (UHIC), which has been broadly investigated through both numerical simulations and experiments under calm or perturbed conditions, when considering wind effects. Both techniques continue to rely on simplified geometries, typically arrangements of parallelepipeds, either aligned or staggered, or elongated blocks to represent urban canyons as evidenced by the several works present in literature with only a few studies considering limited portions of actual urban environments. In this context, the dependence on the specific geometrical and physical features of the urban environment grasps a clear understanding of the complex flow phenomena involved and resists for the development of a sufficiently general theoretical framework. To address this issue, in this thesis, a novel approach is pursued that is based on the development of a paradigmatic flow setup for the simulation and modelling of the main features of turbulent convective heat transfer in urban environments. This new method is based on an idealised urban canopy that is determined by a minimal set of five measurable statistical parameters thus enabling a general assessment of the key urban features governing urban climate without constrain the applicability of results to a narrow range of scenarios. The potential of this paradigmatic framework is assessed with the aim of developing a robust best practice for urban climate studies, by performing high-fidelity simulations of a complete urban environment under a natural convection regime using a slightly modified Rayleigh–Bénard setup, with fixed Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers Pr=0.7, Ra=10^8, as well as under a mixed convection regime characterized by a Richardson number of approximately Ri~1. To this end, both Direct Numerical Simulations and Large Eddies Simulations are employed, the latter allowing for reduced computational cost while retaining the ability to capture the main flow structures. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the results is conducted to investigate the different contribution on heat transfer and urban flow dynamics. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the capability of the proposed method in analysing the influence of various parameters, as well as the fundamental processes that govern the urban climate.
L’isola di calore urbana (UHI), ossia il fenomeno per cui le aree urbanizzate risultano più calde rispetto alle zone circostanti, rappresenta uno dei temi più studiati nel campo del clima urbano. Come prevedibile, la configurazione urbana svolge un ruolo centrale nelle dinamiche del flusso dell’ UHI, dove una caratteristica tipica è nota come circolazione dell'isola di calore urbana (UHIC), ampiamente studiata sia attraverso simulazioni numeriche che esperimenti in condizioni stabili o perturbate, considerando gli effetti del vento. Entrambe le tecniche continuano a basarsi su geometrie semplificate, tipicamente disposizioni di parallelepipedi, allineati o sfalsati, o blocchi allungati per rappresentare i canyon urbani, come dimostrano i numerosi lavori presenti in letteratura, con solo pochi studi che prendono in considerazione porzioni limitate di ambienti urbani reali. In questo contesto, la dipendenza dalle caratteristiche geometriche e fisiche specifiche dell'ambiente urbano non consente una chiara comprensione dei complessi fenomeni di flusso coinvolti e ostacola lo sviluppo di un quadro teorico sufficientemente generale. Per affrontare questo problema, nella presente tesi viene adottato un approccio innovativo basato sullo sviluppo di una configurazione di flusso paradigmatica per la simulazione e la modellizzazione delle principali caratteristiche del trasferimento di calore convettivo turbolento negli ambienti urbani. Questo nuovo metodo si basa su una conformazione urbana idealizzata determinata da un insieme minimo di cinque parametri statistici misurabili, consentendo così una valutazione generale delle caratteristiche urbane chiave che governano il clima urbano senza limitare l'applicabilità dei risultati a una gamma ristretta di scenari. Il potenziale di questo quadro paradigmatico viene valutato con l'obiettivo di sviluppare una best practice robusta per gli studi sul clima urbano, eseguendo simulazioni ad alta fedeltà di un ambiente urbano completo in regime di convezione naturale utilizzando una configurazione Rayleigh-Bénard leggermente modificata, con numeri di Prandtl e Rayleigh fissi Pr=0,7, Ra=10^8, nonché in regime di convezione mista caratterizzato da un numero di Richardson di circa Ri~1. A tal fine, vengono impiegate sia Direct Numerical Simulations che Large Eddies Simulations, queste ultime consentono di ridurre i costi di calcolo pur mantenendo la capacità di catturare le principali strutture del flusso. Inoltre, è stata condotta un'analisi completa dei risultati per studiare il diverso contributo al trasferimento di calore e alla dinamica dei flussi urbani. In conclusione, questa tesi evidenzia la capacità del metodo proposto di analizzare l'influenza di vari parametri, nonché i processi fondamentali che governano il clima urbano.
Studi numerici sul clima urbano in ambienti paradigmatici / Anna Pavan , 2026 May 22. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Studi numerici sul clima urbano in ambienti paradigmatici
PAVAN, ANNA
2026
Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI), which refers to urbanised areas that are warmer than their surroundings, is the most studied phenomenon among the urban climate field. As expected, the urban canopy plays a central role in the dynamics of the UHI flow, where a typical flow feature is known as the urban heat island circulation (UHIC), which has been broadly investigated through both numerical simulations and experiments under calm or perturbed conditions, when considering wind effects. Both techniques continue to rely on simplified geometries, typically arrangements of parallelepipeds, either aligned or staggered, or elongated blocks to represent urban canyons as evidenced by the several works present in literature with only a few studies considering limited portions of actual urban environments. In this context, the dependence on the specific geometrical and physical features of the urban environment grasps a clear understanding of the complex flow phenomena involved and resists for the development of a sufficiently general theoretical framework. To address this issue, in this thesis, a novel approach is pursued that is based on the development of a paradigmatic flow setup for the simulation and modelling of the main features of turbulent convective heat transfer in urban environments. This new method is based on an idealised urban canopy that is determined by a minimal set of five measurable statistical parameters thus enabling a general assessment of the key urban features governing urban climate without constrain the applicability of results to a narrow range of scenarios. The potential of this paradigmatic framework is assessed with the aim of developing a robust best practice for urban climate studies, by performing high-fidelity simulations of a complete urban environment under a natural convection regime using a slightly modified Rayleigh–Bénard setup, with fixed Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers Pr=0.7, Ra=10^8, as well as under a mixed convection regime characterized by a Richardson number of approximately Ri~1. To this end, both Direct Numerical Simulations and Large Eddies Simulations are employed, the latter allowing for reduced computational cost while retaining the ability to capture the main flow structures. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the results is conducted to investigate the different contribution on heat transfer and urban flow dynamics. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the capability of the proposed method in analysing the influence of various parameters, as well as the fundamental processes that govern the urban climate.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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