A biomedical device should be a biocompatible and non-cytotoxic manufact, with a specific temporary or permanent purpose to be performed internally or externally. Some biomedical devices can operate directly to improve patients’ health conditions. Often times biomedical devices with this goal are manufactured with extensive use of advanced biomaterials. As of today, both bone tissue engineering (BTE) and soft tissue engineering (STE), are practical applications of research on biomaterials. However, the optimization and integration of these materials into viable devices or delivery systems is still far from ideal as many challenges still hinder some biomaterials to be put in use. Among biomaterials for medical devices, bioactive glasses (BGs) are potential candidates for extensive use in both BTE and STE, thanks to their interesting properties. The first BG to be discovered was 45S5 Bioglass®, a material that gained attention thanks to its ability to bond with living bone. Further research showed that BGs are bioactive, osteoconductive, resorbable and cyto-compatible materials that can show even more interesting properties such as osteoinduction, angiogenesis and antibacterial effects. However, the presence of low quantities of network formers in their composition, bounds them to thermal instability. Indeed Bioglass®, likewise other commercially available BGs, cannot be thermally treated to achieve sintering without resulting in a crystallized material, which causes different drawbacks such as altered dissolution kinetics, reduced bioactivity and worse mechanical performance. This limits the possibility to form BGs into 3-dimensional porous or dense devices for bone regeneration. To address such challenges, an in-depth analysis of bibliography revealed high potential of improvement of thermal stability of BGs via ion modification of the composition. Adding some intermediate and modifier oxides in the BG composition can result in higher characteristic temperatures (i.e. glass transition temperature – TG – crystallization onset temperature – TC-onset – and crystallization peak temperature – TC) and wider processing windows, which is the difference between TC-onset and TG. With this aim, two commercially available BG compositions (namely 45S5 and S53P4) and an experimental in-house developed composition (Bio_MS) were compared with magnesium- and strontium-co-doped BG compositions (MS compositions – 45S5_MS and S53P4_MS). Results revealed potential for these ions to broaden the processing windows of the parent glasses, allowing for high degree of sintering while also retaining their amorphous nature. Furthermore, milder dissolution kinetics might also be linked to improved biological performances of the thermally treated MS compositions compared to the undoped treated BGs. Subsequently, a study on the possible applications or integrations in biomedical devices of the BGs studied was conducted. Electrospinning was identified as an intriguing technology to investigate in order to create scaffolds capable of delivering BG to both soft and bone tissue, thanks to its ability to manufacture lightweight scaffolds containing micro- to nanoparticles of glass. BG powders were added as a load fraction in polycaprolactone (PCL) based electrospun scaffolds revealing good integration of the particles, while also resulting in mechanical properties to remain mostly unaltered compared to unloaded scaffolds. Lastly, a section of this thesis is dedicated to analyzing a specific property of BGs which has attracted increasing attention in recent years: their antibacterial activity. This property can be linked both to pH alteration of the biological environment or to specific ions leaching into the medium and interacting with bacteria.

Un dispositivo biomedico dovrebbe essere un prodotto biocompatibile, con uno scopo specifico, temporaneo o permanente, da realizzare internamente o esternamente. Alcuni dispositivi biomedici possono agire direttamente per migliorare le condizioni di salute dei pazienti. Spesso i dispositivi biomedici con questo scopo sono realizzati con un ampio utilizzo di biomateriali avanzati. Ad oggi, l'ingegneria dei tessuti ossei (BTE) e molli (STE) rappresentano applicazioni pratiche della ricerca sui biomateriali. Tuttavia, l'ottimizzazione e l'integrazione dei biomateriali in dispositivi o sistemi di somministrazione è ancora lontana dall'essere attuale, date le numerose sfide che ne ostacolano l'impiego. Tra i biomateriali, i vetri bioattivi (BG) sono candidati per un ampio numero di utilizzi sia in BTE che in STE, grazie alle loro interessanti proprietà. Il primo BG scoperto, il 45S5 Bioglass®, attirò attenzioni grazie alla sua capacità di legarsi all'osso vivo. Ulteriori ricerche dimostrarono che i BG sono materiali bioattivi, osteoconduttivi, riassorbibili e citocompatibili, con proprietà ancora più interessanti come l'osteoinduzione, l'angiogenesi o effetti antibatterici. Tuttavia, la presenza di basse quantità di formatori di reticoli nella loro composizione li rende soggetti a instabilità termica. Bioglass®, come altri BG disponibili in commercio, non può essere sinterizzato senza avere cristallizzazione, il che causa diversi inconvenienti, come modifica della cinetica di dissoluzione, ridotta bioattività e peggiori prestazioni meccaniche. Ciò limita la possibilità di usare i BG in scaffold 3D porosi o densi per la rigenerazione ossea. Per affrontare tali sfide, un'analisi approfondita della bibliografia ha rivelato un elevato potenziale di miglioramento della stabilità termica dei BG tramite la modifica ionica della composizione. L'aggiunta di ossidi intermedi e modificatori nella composizione dei BG può comportare temperature caratteristiche più elevate (come la temperatura di transizione vetrosa - TG di inizio della cristallizzazione - TC-onset, e di picco di cristallizzazione - TC) e finestre di lavorazione più ampie, che sono la differenza tra TC-onset e TG. A questo scopo, due composizioni di BG disponibili in commercio (45S5 e S53P4) e una sperimentale sviluppata internamente (Bio_MS) sono state confrontate con composizioni di BG dopate con magnesio e stronzio (composizioni MS, chiamate 45S5_MS e S53P4_MS). I risultati hanno rivelato il potenziale di questi ioni di ampliare le finestre di lavorazione dei BG non dopati, ottenendo un elevato grado di sinterizzazione pur mantenendo la loro natura amorfa. Inoltre, una dissoluzione più lenta potrebbe anche essere collegata alle migliori prestazioni biologiche che le composizioni MS trattate termicamente hanno mostrato rispetto ai BG non dopati trattati termicamente. Inoltre, è stato condotto uno studio sulle possibili applicazioni e dei BG studiati in dispositivi medici. L'elettrofilatura è stata identificata come una tecnologia interessante da studiare per creare scaffold in grado di somministrare BG sia ai tessuti molli che a quelli ossei, grazie alla sua capacità di produrre scaffold leggeri contenenti micro- e nanoparticelle di vetro. Le polveri di BG sono state aggiunte come frazione di carica in scaffold elettrofilati a base polimerica, rivelando una buona integrazione delle particelle e conservando proprietà meccaniche pressoché inalterate rispetto agli scaffold senza carica. Questa tesi include anche una sezione dedicata all'analisi dell’attività antibatterica dei BG, la quale ha attirato crescente attenzione negli ultimi anni. Questa proprietà può essere collegata sia all'alterazione del pH ambientale sia a specifici ioni che, rilasciati, interagiscono con i batteri.

Dispositivi biomedici a base di vetro bioattivo per l'ingegneria tissutale: sfide e limitazioni della loro produzione / Francesco Gerardo Mecca , 2026 May 22. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Dispositivi biomedici a base di vetro bioattivo per l'ingegneria tissutale: sfide e limitazioni della loro produzione.

MECCA, FRANCESCO GERARDO
2026

Abstract

A biomedical device should be a biocompatible and non-cytotoxic manufact, with a specific temporary or permanent purpose to be performed internally or externally. Some biomedical devices can operate directly to improve patients’ health conditions. Often times biomedical devices with this goal are manufactured with extensive use of advanced biomaterials. As of today, both bone tissue engineering (BTE) and soft tissue engineering (STE), are practical applications of research on biomaterials. However, the optimization and integration of these materials into viable devices or delivery systems is still far from ideal as many challenges still hinder some biomaterials to be put in use. Among biomaterials for medical devices, bioactive glasses (BGs) are potential candidates for extensive use in both BTE and STE, thanks to their interesting properties. The first BG to be discovered was 45S5 Bioglass®, a material that gained attention thanks to its ability to bond with living bone. Further research showed that BGs are bioactive, osteoconductive, resorbable and cyto-compatible materials that can show even more interesting properties such as osteoinduction, angiogenesis and antibacterial effects. However, the presence of low quantities of network formers in their composition, bounds them to thermal instability. Indeed Bioglass®, likewise other commercially available BGs, cannot be thermally treated to achieve sintering without resulting in a crystallized material, which causes different drawbacks such as altered dissolution kinetics, reduced bioactivity and worse mechanical performance. This limits the possibility to form BGs into 3-dimensional porous or dense devices for bone regeneration. To address such challenges, an in-depth analysis of bibliography revealed high potential of improvement of thermal stability of BGs via ion modification of the composition. Adding some intermediate and modifier oxides in the BG composition can result in higher characteristic temperatures (i.e. glass transition temperature – TG – crystallization onset temperature – TC-onset – and crystallization peak temperature – TC) and wider processing windows, which is the difference between TC-onset and TG. With this aim, two commercially available BG compositions (namely 45S5 and S53P4) and an experimental in-house developed composition (Bio_MS) were compared with magnesium- and strontium-co-doped BG compositions (MS compositions – 45S5_MS and S53P4_MS). Results revealed potential for these ions to broaden the processing windows of the parent glasses, allowing for high degree of sintering while also retaining their amorphous nature. Furthermore, milder dissolution kinetics might also be linked to improved biological performances of the thermally treated MS compositions compared to the undoped treated BGs. Subsequently, a study on the possible applications or integrations in biomedical devices of the BGs studied was conducted. Electrospinning was identified as an intriguing technology to investigate in order to create scaffolds capable of delivering BG to both soft and bone tissue, thanks to its ability to manufacture lightweight scaffolds containing micro- to nanoparticles of glass. BG powders were added as a load fraction in polycaprolactone (PCL) based electrospun scaffolds revealing good integration of the particles, while also resulting in mechanical properties to remain mostly unaltered compared to unloaded scaffolds. Lastly, a section of this thesis is dedicated to analyzing a specific property of BGs which has attracted increasing attention in recent years: their antibacterial activity. This property can be linked both to pH alteration of the biological environment or to specific ions leaching into the medium and interacting with bacteria.
Bioactive Glasses as next-generation materials for biomedical devices: overcoming processing and delivery challenges.
22-mag-2026
CANNILLO, Valeria
BELLUCCI, Devis
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