Ventilation and low pollution enhancing new particle formation in Milan, Italy

New particle formation (NPF) is a crucial process that significantly affects the number of atmospheric particles, forming a substantial portion of the total aerosol population. Therefore, it has important implications for both human health and climate. While extensive research has been conducted in rural areas of the Po Valley, Italy, there is a substantial lack of continuous measurements with state-of-the-art instruments in Milan, one of the most industrialized and densely populated cities in the region. This study aims to address this gap by analysing one year of detailed particle number size distribution measurements between 1.2 and 480 nm at an urban background site in Milan. These data were used to examine the occurrence and characteristics of NPF and to identify how the meteorological and air pollution conditions affect it. We show that a cleaner atmosphere, meaning lower concentrations of air pollutants and lower condensation sink, and a higher ventilation promote NPF. Detailed modelling of the air masses history further revealed that a longer residence time in the Po Valley and a greater exposure to anthropogenic emissions inhibit NPF. Furthermore, we show that strong winds, particularly from the northwest sector (e.g., Foehn winds), facilitate NPF, likely by reducing the condensation sink for precursor vapours. This locates Milan among the urban sites where atmospheric cleaning enhances NPF, providing insights for urban air quality management.