This research aims to illustrate the genesis of the new churches built within the territory of the Archdiocese of Milan during the episcopate of Giovanni Battista Montini (1954–1963). The analysis of these construction processes clearly reveals the intention to respond to the needs of the population by building parish complexes that could serve as social and community spaces, particularly in peripheral areas marked by social and economic hardship, exacerbated by the city’s demographic growth. The systematic construction of new churches highlights an intentional project and a coherent overall vision, which historiography has referred to as the Piano Montini. Therefore, the reseach present a quantitative analysis of the parish complexes. The traditionally accepted figure of 123 churches, consolidated and transmitted by historiography, proves to be amendable considering the investigation undertaken in this study, which also includes among the Montinian churches those projects initiated during his episcopate but completed only in the following years and therefore usually excluded from the enumeration. However, documentary analysis demonstrates that these churches, although completed after Montini’s departure for Rome, were entirely conceived and designed in the final two years of his episcopate and by his explicit initiative, as part of the project “Twenty-Two Churches for Twenty-Two Councils”. This required an in-depth examination of the activity of the Comitato Nuove Chiese, heir to the Comitato Nuovi Templi founded under Cardinal Schuster. Under Montini’s close supervision—marked by his keen interest in new artistic languages and architectural experimentation—the New Churches Committee acted as the operative instrument of his plan, overcoming significant challenges, primarily related to the identification of building sites and the procurement of funds. Contacts with the Archdiocese of Bologna and Cardinal Lercaro, also fostered by the First National Congress of Sacred Architecture held in Bologna in September 1955, granted international resonance to the Milanese laboratory and gradually opened new spaces for dialogue on the topic. During Montini’s episcopate in Milan, architecture ceased to be a mere stylistic exercise and became a tool in order to express the sacred. In this perspective, the archbishop established a relationship of mutual esteem and trust with architects and designers, granting them the greatest freedom of expression and distancing himself from traditional artistic canons in favour of new experimentation. Finally, the research offers a focused analysis of the case study of the parish church of San Zenone in Campione d’Italia, an Italian exclave overlooking Lake Lugano. The Milanese presence in Campione d’Italia provided the opportunity to demonstrate ecclesial and cultural prestige beyond national borders, particularly in relation to neighbouring Switzerland. The study was conducted through a critical review of existing historiography and its integration with primary sources and archival documents (the materials preserved in the Historical Archive of the Archdiocese of Milan proved essential). In addition, the Historical Archive of the Diocese of Lugano and the parish archive of San Zenone in Campione d’Italia were consulted, which allowed for the reconstruction of the entire process of construction of the parish complex. In conclusion, the study examines the planning logic of the Piano Montini and the innovative character of the Milanese laboratory of those years, recognising it as one of the most significant urban transformation projects in twentieth-century Milanese history.
La ricerca ha lo scopo di illustrare la genesi delle nuove chiese edificate nel territorio della diocesi di Milano durante l’episcopato di Giovanni Battista Montini (1954-1963). Nell’analisi di tali processi di costruzione emerge chiaramente la volontà di rispondere ai bisogni della popolazione, edificando complessi parrocchiali che potessero fungere da spazi aggregativi, soprattutto in quei territori di periferia contrassegnati da difficoltà sociali ed economiche, esasperate dalla crescita demografica della città. La sistematica edificazione delle nuove chiese rende evidente un intento progettuale e una visione d’insieme, che la storiografia ha denominato Piano Montini. Si propone quindi un’analisi quantitativa dei complessi parrocchiali. Il dato di 123 chiese, consolidato e tramandato dalla storiografia, risulta emendabile alla luce dell’indagine condotta dallo studio, che inserisce nel novero delle chiese montiniane anche quei progetti iniziati durante il periodo dell’episcopato, ma portati a termine solamente negli anni successivi e per questo motivo solitamente esclusi dall’enumerazione. Tuttavia, l’analisi documentale restituisce un quadro in cui le suddette chiese, anche se ultimate dopo la partenza dell’arcivescovo per Roma, vengono interamente progettate nell’ultimo biennio dell’episcopato montiniano e per volontà dell’arcivescovo, all’interno del progetto “Ventidue Chiese per Ventidue Concilii”. Si è reso quindi necessario un approfondimento dell’attività del Comitato Nuove Chiese, erede del Comitato Nuovi Templi di matrice schusteriana. Sotto l’attento sguardo montiniano, che mostra vivo interesse per i nuovi linguaggi dell’arte e per lo sperimentalismo architettonico più innovativo, il Comitato Nuove Chiese si rende esecutore materiale del disegno montiniano, affrontando svariate difficoltà, principalmente legate all’individuazione delle aree e al reperimento dei fondi. I contatti con la diocesi di Bologna e con il cardinale Lercaro, anche grazie all’occasione costituita dal I Congresso di Architettura Sacra tenutosi a Bologna nel settembre 1955, garantiscono al laboratorio milanese risonanza internazionale, aprendo lentamente timidi spazi di dialogo sul tema. Durante l’episcopato di Montini a Milano, l’architettura cessa di essere mero esercizio stilistico e diventa strumento di espressione del divino. In quest’ottica, l’arcivescovo intrattiene con architetti e progettisti un rapporto di stima e fiducia reciproca e garantisce loro la massima libertà di espressione, svincolandosi dagli stilemi artistici della tradizione in favore di un nuovo sperimentalismo. Infine, la ricerca propone un’attenta valutazione del caso-studio della chiesa parrocchiale di San Zenone, a Campione d’Italia, exclave italiana affacciata sulle sponde del Ceresio. La presenza milanese a Campione d’Italia costituisce l’occasione per mostrare il proprio prestigio oltre i confini nazionali e, in particolar modo, nei confronti della vicina Svizzera. Il lavoro è stato condotto grazie allo studio della storiografia esistente e attraverso l’integrazione di quest’ultima con fonti primarie e documenti d’archivio (fondamentale è stato l’apporto dei fondi conservati presso l’Archivio Storico Diocesano di Milano). Inoltre, sono stati consultati l’Archivio Storico della Diocesi di Lugano e l’archivio parrocchiale della chiesa di San Zenone a Campione d’Italia, la cui indagine ha reso possibile la ricostruzione dell’iter di edificazione dell’intero complesso parrocchiale. In conclusione, lo studio indaga la progettualità del Piano Montini e il carattere innovativo del laboratorio milanese di quegli anni, riconoscendolo come uno dei progetti di trasformazione urbanistica più innovativi della storia ambrosiana del Novecento.
La presenza degli elementi espressivi della vita religiosa di Milano nella costruzione di una memoria pubblica condivisa: le nuove chiese del “Piano Montini” (1954-1963) / Giorgia Battaglia , 2026 May 05. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
La presenza degli elementi espressivi della vita religiosa di Milano nella costruzione di una memoria pubblica condivisa: le nuove chiese del “Piano Montini” (1954-1963).
BATTAGLIA, GIORGIA
2026
Abstract
This research aims to illustrate the genesis of the new churches built within the territory of the Archdiocese of Milan during the episcopate of Giovanni Battista Montini (1954–1963). The analysis of these construction processes clearly reveals the intention to respond to the needs of the population by building parish complexes that could serve as social and community spaces, particularly in peripheral areas marked by social and economic hardship, exacerbated by the city’s demographic growth. The systematic construction of new churches highlights an intentional project and a coherent overall vision, which historiography has referred to as the Piano Montini. Therefore, the reseach present a quantitative analysis of the parish complexes. The traditionally accepted figure of 123 churches, consolidated and transmitted by historiography, proves to be amendable considering the investigation undertaken in this study, which also includes among the Montinian churches those projects initiated during his episcopate but completed only in the following years and therefore usually excluded from the enumeration. However, documentary analysis demonstrates that these churches, although completed after Montini’s departure for Rome, were entirely conceived and designed in the final two years of his episcopate and by his explicit initiative, as part of the project “Twenty-Two Churches for Twenty-Two Councils”. This required an in-depth examination of the activity of the Comitato Nuove Chiese, heir to the Comitato Nuovi Templi founded under Cardinal Schuster. Under Montini’s close supervision—marked by his keen interest in new artistic languages and architectural experimentation—the New Churches Committee acted as the operative instrument of his plan, overcoming significant challenges, primarily related to the identification of building sites and the procurement of funds. Contacts with the Archdiocese of Bologna and Cardinal Lercaro, also fostered by the First National Congress of Sacred Architecture held in Bologna in September 1955, granted international resonance to the Milanese laboratory and gradually opened new spaces for dialogue on the topic. During Montini’s episcopate in Milan, architecture ceased to be a mere stylistic exercise and became a tool in order to express the sacred. In this perspective, the archbishop established a relationship of mutual esteem and trust with architects and designers, granting them the greatest freedom of expression and distancing himself from traditional artistic canons in favour of new experimentation. Finally, the research offers a focused analysis of the case study of the parish church of San Zenone in Campione d’Italia, an Italian exclave overlooking Lake Lugano. The Milanese presence in Campione d’Italia provided the opportunity to demonstrate ecclesial and cultural prestige beyond national borders, particularly in relation to neighbouring Switzerland. The study was conducted through a critical review of existing historiography and its integration with primary sources and archival documents (the materials preserved in the Historical Archive of the Archdiocese of Milan proved essential). In addition, the Historical Archive of the Diocese of Lugano and the parish archive of San Zenone in Campione d’Italia were consulted, which allowed for the reconstruction of the entire process of construction of the parish complex. In conclusion, the study examines the planning logic of the Piano Montini and the innovative character of the Milanese laboratory of those years, recognising it as one of the most significant urban transformation projects in twentieth-century Milanese history.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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