The dissertation “Muridizm and Ġazawāt: Imam Shamil in the eyes of Apollon Runovskii” investigates the intersection of imperial knowledge, Sufi thought, and historical narration in nineteenth-century Dagestan. It focuses on Apollon Ivanovich Runovskii (1823–1874), a Russian officer whose work Muridizm i Gazavat po obʺiasneniiu Shamilia (Tbilisi, 1863) offers an innovative interpretation of muridizm distinct from both earlier administrative misreadings and later ideological simplifications. Through a critical examination of this text and related materials, the study reassesses how Dagestani Islam, and especially the Naqšbandiyya-Ḫālidiyya order, were understood within the intellectual framework of the Russian Empire and abroad. The introduction outlines the Islamisation of Dagestan, situating muridizm within the broader process of religious and political transformation. It defines muridizm as a historiographical construct born of dialogue and distortion, between local religious actors and imperial observers. The first chapter traces the emergence of the term in Russian and European writings, from early travellers and military ethnographers to Dagestani chroniclers. Figures such as Güldenstädt, Reineggs, Bodenstedt are analyzed as pioneering reporters of Dagestani social and religious milieu, while Khanykov and Prushanovskii, established models connecting Dagestani struggle to the intellectual currents of Bukhara yet reduced complex Islamic concepts like ṭarīqa and ǧihād to moral categories functional to the Russian conquest of Eastern Caucasus. The second chapter follows the evolving historiography of Imam Shamil and muridizm from the late nineteenth century to the present. It discusses the shifts from Pokrovskii’s revolutionary interpretation to Stalinist portrayals of Shamil as a foreign agent, and finally to most contemporary scholarship with Bennigsen, Gammer, Zelkina. Finally the paradigm shifts with Bobrovnikov, Kemper, Knysh, and Shikhaliev which situates muridizm as a misleading interpretation of the history of Sufism and regional Islam. This review shows how the concept has continually reflected changing ideological and methodological assumptions about religion, resistance, and empire. The third chapter turns to Runovskii’s life and writings, reconstructing his intellectual profile through official documents, correspondence, and biographical materials. Muridizm i Gazavat is interpreted as a unique synthesis of ethnographic observation and spiritual inquiry: a text that neither condemns nor romanticizes muridizm but seeks to comprehend its inner logic. Runovskii’s analysis of obedience, initiation, and ġazawāt reveals an awareness of Sufi structures of authority unprecedented among his contemporaries. His portrayal of Shamil’s struggle corrects the prevailing Russian misunderstanding of the movement as mere fanaticism or rebellion. The study thus identifies in Runovskii a remarkably early attempt to approach the Caucasian religious world through interpretation rather than stigmatization. The conclusion re-examines Dagestan as a space of encounter between empires and traditions and reconsiders the historiography of muridizm in light of sources only partially explored until now, foremost among them Runovskii’s Muridizm i Gazavat. The dissertation reconstructs the genealogy of interpretations that have shaped the understanding of Shamil’s movement.The research contributes to the broader historiography of the Caucasus by showing how muridizm was conceptualized, and by restoring to Runovskii’s neglected text its significance as a long-overlooked source for comprehending the intellectual and spiritual history of nineteenth-century Dagestan.
La tesi di dottorato “Muridismo e Ġazawāt: l’Imam Shamil nello sguardo di Apollon Runovskii” indaga l’intersezione tra sapere imperiale, pensiero Sufi e narrazione storica nel Daghestan del XIX secolo. Essa si concentra su Apollon Ivanovich Runovskii (1823–1874), ufficiale russo, il cui lavoro Muridizm i Gazavat po obʺiasneniiu Shamilia (1863) propone un’interpretazione innovativa del movimento di Imam Shamil, distinta sia dalle precedenti letture amministrative, sia dalle successive semplificazioni ideologiche. Attraverso un esame critico del testo e di materiali correlati, la ricerca riconsidera il modo in cui l’Islam daghestano, e in particolare la Naqšbandiyya-Ḫālidiyya, vennero compresi nel quadro intellettuale dell’Impero Russo e in Europa. L’introduzione delinea il processo di islamizzazione del Daghestan, collocando il muridismo all’interno di un più ampio contesto di trasformazioni religiose e politiche. Definisce il muridismo come un costrutto storiografico nato dall’incontro-scontro tra attori religiosi locali e osservatori imperiali. Il primo capitolo segue la nascita del termine negli scritti russi ed europei, dai primi viaggiatori tedeschi ai cronisti daghestani. Figure quali Güldenstädt, Reineggs, Bodenstedt sono analizzate come pionieri nella descrizione del contesto sociale e religioso del Daghestan, mentre Khanykov e Prushanovskii fissano modelli interpretativi che collegano la lotta daghestana all’Islam di Bukhara, ma che spesso riducono concetti islamici complessi come ṭarīqa e ǧihād a categorie funzionali alla conquista del Caucaso orientale. Il secondo capitolo segue l’evoluzione della storiografia su Imam Shamil e sul muridismo dalla fine del XIX secolo fino a oggi. Esamina il passaggio dall’interpretazione “progressista” di Pokrovskii, alle rappresentazioni staliniane di Shamil come agente straniero, fino alla storiografia contemporanea di Bennigsen, Gammer, Zelkina. Viene inoltre analizzato il mutamento di paradigma con Kemper, Bobrovnikov, Knysh e Shikhaliev, che ridefiniscono il muridismo come un’interpretazione fuorviante della storia del sufismo e dell’Islam regionale. Questa rassegna mostra come il concetto rifletta costantemente i mutamenti ideologici e metodologici nella percezione di Islam, resistenza e impero. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla vita e agli scritti di Runovskii, ricostruendone il profilo intellettuale attraverso corrispondenza e materiali biografici. Muridizm i Gazavat è interpretato come una sintesi originale tra osservazione e indagine spirituale: un testo che non condanna né idealizza Imam Shamil, ma ne cerca di comprenderne la logica interna. L’analisi dei particolari ideologici ed evenemenziali del ġazawāt rivela una consapevolezza del contesto senza precedenti tra i suoi contemporanei. La rappresentazione della lotta di Shamil come movimento di rigenerazione sociale e politica corregge la diffusa incomprensione russa del movimento come fanatismo o ribellione. La ricerca individua, dunque, in Runovskii un singolare tentativo di avvicinarsi al mondo religioso caucasico attraverso l’interpretazione, piuttosto che la stigmatizzazione. La conclusione rilegge il Daghestan come spazio d’incontro tra imperi e rivaluta la storiografia sul muridismo alla luce di fonti finora solo parzialmente esplorate, come Muridizm i Gazavat di Runovskii. La tesi ricostruisce la genealogia delle interpretazioni che hanno modellato la comprensione del movimento di Shamil e contribuisce alla storiografia più ampia del Caucaso, mostrando come questo fenomeno storico-religioso sia stato concettualizzato e reinterpretato nel tempo, restituendo al testo la sua, benché a lungo trascurata, per la comprensione della storia politica e spirituale del Daghestan ottocentesco.
Muridismo e Ġazawāt: l’Imam Shamil nello sguardo di Apollon Runovskii / Antonio Carluccio , 2026 May 06. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Muridismo e Ġazawāt: l’Imam Shamil nello sguardo di Apollon Runovskii
CARLUCCIO, ANTONIO
2026
Abstract
The dissertation “Muridizm and Ġazawāt: Imam Shamil in the eyes of Apollon Runovskii” investigates the intersection of imperial knowledge, Sufi thought, and historical narration in nineteenth-century Dagestan. It focuses on Apollon Ivanovich Runovskii (1823–1874), a Russian officer whose work Muridizm i Gazavat po obʺiasneniiu Shamilia (Tbilisi, 1863) offers an innovative interpretation of muridizm distinct from both earlier administrative misreadings and later ideological simplifications. Through a critical examination of this text and related materials, the study reassesses how Dagestani Islam, and especially the Naqšbandiyya-Ḫālidiyya order, were understood within the intellectual framework of the Russian Empire and abroad. The introduction outlines the Islamisation of Dagestan, situating muridizm within the broader process of religious and political transformation. It defines muridizm as a historiographical construct born of dialogue and distortion, between local religious actors and imperial observers. The first chapter traces the emergence of the term in Russian and European writings, from early travellers and military ethnographers to Dagestani chroniclers. Figures such as Güldenstädt, Reineggs, Bodenstedt are analyzed as pioneering reporters of Dagestani social and religious milieu, while Khanykov and Prushanovskii, established models connecting Dagestani struggle to the intellectual currents of Bukhara yet reduced complex Islamic concepts like ṭarīqa and ǧihād to moral categories functional to the Russian conquest of Eastern Caucasus. The second chapter follows the evolving historiography of Imam Shamil and muridizm from the late nineteenth century to the present. It discusses the shifts from Pokrovskii’s revolutionary interpretation to Stalinist portrayals of Shamil as a foreign agent, and finally to most contemporary scholarship with Bennigsen, Gammer, Zelkina. Finally the paradigm shifts with Bobrovnikov, Kemper, Knysh, and Shikhaliev which situates muridizm as a misleading interpretation of the history of Sufism and regional Islam. This review shows how the concept has continually reflected changing ideological and methodological assumptions about religion, resistance, and empire. The third chapter turns to Runovskii’s life and writings, reconstructing his intellectual profile through official documents, correspondence, and biographical materials. Muridizm i Gazavat is interpreted as a unique synthesis of ethnographic observation and spiritual inquiry: a text that neither condemns nor romanticizes muridizm but seeks to comprehend its inner logic. Runovskii’s analysis of obedience, initiation, and ġazawāt reveals an awareness of Sufi structures of authority unprecedented among his contemporaries. His portrayal of Shamil’s struggle corrects the prevailing Russian misunderstanding of the movement as mere fanaticism or rebellion. The study thus identifies in Runovskii a remarkably early attempt to approach the Caucasian religious world through interpretation rather than stigmatization. The conclusion re-examines Dagestan as a space of encounter between empires and traditions and reconsiders the historiography of muridizm in light of sources only partially explored until now, foremost among them Runovskii’s Muridizm i Gazavat. The dissertation reconstructs the genealogy of interpretations that have shaped the understanding of Shamil’s movement.The research contributes to the broader historiography of the Caucasus by showing how muridizm was conceptualized, and by restoring to Runovskii’s neglected text its significance as a long-overlooked source for comprehending the intellectual and spiritual history of nineteenth-century Dagestan.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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