Integrated Thermal Management for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses Through Maisotsenko-Cycle Cooling and Water Recycling

The electrification of transportation is rapidly transforming public mobility, yet battery-electric vehicles still face significant range limitations. In this context, hydrogen fuel cell systems emerge as a promising alternative, capable of extending vehicle range while reducing environmental impact. However, thermal management remains a critical challenge, as passenger cabin cooling and the regulation of fuel cell and battery temperatures consume a substantial portion of the vehicle's available energy. This study explores the use of an evaporative cooling system based on the Maisotsenko cycle to cool the passenger cabin of a fuel cell bus while also contributing to powertrain thermal management through the reuse of exhaust airflow. In the proposed configuration, the primary airflow from the evaporative cycle is directed toward cabin ventilation and cooling, whereas the working exhaust air is utilized for the thermal regulation of the fuel cell and battery system. Additionally, the water produced as a byproduct of the hydrogen-oxygen reaction in the fuel cell is recovered and used to sustain the evaporative cooling process, creating an integrated system that reduces dependence on external resources and minimizes overall energy consumption. The system's performance was evaluated in terms of cooling capacity, water balance, and thermal efficiency under various environmental conditions. Results indicate that this synergistic approach can significantly enhance the energy efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell electric buses, providing an innovative and sustainable solution for urban mobility.