The thesis focuses on addressing the negative impacts of climate change (mainly drought and salt stress) and nutrient deficiency on barley and tomato crops through sustainable strategies aimed not only at mitigation but also at enhancing crop yield and quality. These strategies involve the use of plant biostimulants of various origins, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), biochar, and agri-food industry by-products. The thesis is structured around three main topics. The first topic explores sustainable farming strategies for barley. Initially, a screening trial was conducted in an open-air pot experiment to identify the most effective plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for barley. The best-performing PGPR strain was subsequently selected for a greenhouse trial involving six barley genotypes. In this trial, morphological, physiological, and biomass-related traits were assessed under drought stress and control conditions, both with or without PGPR inoculation, to evaluate the interactions between genotypes, PGPR, and drought response. Finally, a two-year field trial was established using the same genotypes under three nitrogen management treatments: (i) 70% of the nitrogen required for optimal growth (N deficiency), (ii) 70% nitrogen combined with PGPR inoculation, and (iii) a control treatment receiving 100% of the nitrogen requirement. The aim was to investigate the effects of PGPR on morphological traits, physiological trait, and yield components under real-world conditions. The experimental results across all trials consistently demonstrated the beneficial effects of Pseudomonas chlororaphis on barley crop. Among the four strains initially screened, P. chlororaphis emerged as the most effective, showing significant improvements in morphological, physiological, and yield-related traits. The second topic of this thesis aimed to confirm Ensifer sp. as the most effective PGPR strain from the collection previously selected and evaluated by the Crop Production research group. To achieve this, a field trial was conducted on tomato crop, comparing eight bacterial species under open-field conditions. Morphological, physiological, biomass, yield, and fruit quality parameters were assessed to determine their agronomic effectiveness. The third topic of this thesis investigated the effects of different plant biostimulants applied as soil treatments on the early-stage development of barley and tomato plants. Peat was used as the base substrate, while various plant biostimulants, including PGPR, biochar, and agri-food by-products (such as apple peel), were applied individually or in combination to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating drought stress. Multiple traits related to growth, morphology, physiology, and biomass were assessed under greenhouse conditions. In addition to the greenhouse experiments, this investigation was extended to a two-year field trial on tomato using the same treatments. Four tomato genotypes were evaluated, and a comprehensive set of traits, including morphological, physiological, biomass, yield, and fruit quality traits, was assessed to determine the practical effectiveness of the biostimulants under open-field conditions. The results confirmed the effectiveness of PGPR, both alone and in combination with biochar. In contrast, the agri-food by-products did not show significant positive effects on plant performance under the tested conditions. In conclusion, this PhD study provides a comprehensive, multi-environment evaluation of various biostimulants applied to two major global crops (tomato and barley). The findings demonstrate that these biostimulants, particularly PGPR, have significant potential to support sustainable agricultural practices.

La tesi si concentra sulla gestione degli impatti negativi dei cambiamenti climatici (principalmente siccità e stress salino) e della carenza di nutrienti sulle colture di orzo e pomodoro attraverso strategie sostenibili volte non solo alla mitigazione, ma anche al miglioramento della resa e della qualità delle colture. Queste strategie prevedono l'uso di biostimolanti vegetali di varia origine, tra cui rizobatteri promotori della crescita delle piante (PGPR), biochar e sottoprodotti dell'industria agroalimentare. La tesi è strutturata attorno a tre argomenti principali. Il primo argomento esplora strategie di coltivazione sostenibile per l'orzo. Inizialmente, è stata condotta una prova di screening in un esperimento in vaso all'aperto per identificare i rizobatteri promotori della crescita delle piante (PGPR) più efficaci per l'orzo. Il ceppo PGPR più performante è stato successivamente selezionato per una prova in serra che ha coinvolto sei genotipi di orzo. In questa prova, i tratti morfologici, fisiologici e correlati alla biomassa sono stati valutati in condizioni di stress da siccità e di controllo, con o senza inoculazione di PGPR, per valutare le interazioni tra genotipi, PGPR e risposta alla siccità. Infine, è stata avviata una prova di campo biennale utilizzando gli stessi genotipi sottoposti a tre trattamenti di gestione dell'azoto: (i) 70% dell'azoto necessario per una crescita ottimale (carenza di N), (ii) 70% di azoto combinato con inoculazione di PGPR e (iii) un trattamento di controllo che riceveva il 100% del fabbisogno di azoto. L'obiettivo era quello di studiare gli effetti del PGPR sui tratti morfologici, fisiologici e sulle componenti della resa in condizioni reali. I risultati sperimentali di tutte le prove hanno costantemente dimostrato gli effetti benefici di Pseudomonas chlororaphis sulla coltura dell'orzo. Il secondo argomento di questa tesi mirava a confermare Ensifer sp. come il ceppo PGPR più efficace tra quelli precedentemente selezionati e valutati dal gruppo di ricerca Crop Production. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, è stata condotta una prova di campo su una coltura di pomodoro, confrontando otto specie batteriche in condizioni di pieno campo. Sono stati valutati parametri morfologici, fisiologici, di biomassa, di resa e di qualità del frutto per determinarne l'efficacia agronomica. Il terzo argomento di questa tesi ha indagato gli effetti di diversi biostimolanti vegetali applicati come trattamenti del suolo sullo sviluppo iniziale di piante di orzo e pomodoro. La torba è stata utilizzata come substrato di base, mentre vari biostimolanti vegetali, tra cui PGPR, biochar e sottoprodotti agroalimentari (come la buccia di mela), sono stati applicati singolarmente o in combinazione per valutarne l'efficacia nel mitigare lo stress da siccità. Sono stati valutati molteplici tratti relativi a crescita, morfologia, fisiologia e biomassa in condizioni di serra. Oltre agli esperimenti in serra, questa indagine è stata estesa a una prova di campo biennale su pomodoro utilizzando gli stessi trattamenti. Sono stati valutati quattro genotipi di pomodoro e un insieme completo di tratti, tra cui morfologici, fisiologici, di biomassa, di resa e di qualità del frutto, è stato valutato per determinare l'efficacia pratica dei biostimolanti in condizioni di pieno campo. I risultati hanno confermato l'efficacia del PGPR, sia da solo che in combinazione con il biochar. In conclusione, questo studio di dottorato fornisce una valutazione completa e multi-ambiente di diversi biostimolanti applicati a due importanti colture globali (pomodoro e orzo). I risultati dimostrano che questi biostimolanti, in particolare il PGPR, hanno un potenziale significativo per supportare pratiche agricole sostenibili.

Produzione e gestione sostenibili di orzo e pomodoro in condizioni di stress abiotico / Muhammad Fazail Nasar , 2026 Apr 16. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.

Produzione e gestione sostenibili di orzo e pomodoro in condizioni di stress abiotico

NASAR, MUHAMMAD FAZAIL
2026

Abstract

The thesis focuses on addressing the negative impacts of climate change (mainly drought and salt stress) and nutrient deficiency on barley and tomato crops through sustainable strategies aimed not only at mitigation but also at enhancing crop yield and quality. These strategies involve the use of plant biostimulants of various origins, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), biochar, and agri-food industry by-products. The thesis is structured around three main topics. The first topic explores sustainable farming strategies for barley. Initially, a screening trial was conducted in an open-air pot experiment to identify the most effective plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for barley. The best-performing PGPR strain was subsequently selected for a greenhouse trial involving six barley genotypes. In this trial, morphological, physiological, and biomass-related traits were assessed under drought stress and control conditions, both with or without PGPR inoculation, to evaluate the interactions between genotypes, PGPR, and drought response. Finally, a two-year field trial was established using the same genotypes under three nitrogen management treatments: (i) 70% of the nitrogen required for optimal growth (N deficiency), (ii) 70% nitrogen combined with PGPR inoculation, and (iii) a control treatment receiving 100% of the nitrogen requirement. The aim was to investigate the effects of PGPR on morphological traits, physiological trait, and yield components under real-world conditions. The experimental results across all trials consistently demonstrated the beneficial effects of Pseudomonas chlororaphis on barley crop. Among the four strains initially screened, P. chlororaphis emerged as the most effective, showing significant improvements in morphological, physiological, and yield-related traits. The second topic of this thesis aimed to confirm Ensifer sp. as the most effective PGPR strain from the collection previously selected and evaluated by the Crop Production research group. To achieve this, a field trial was conducted on tomato crop, comparing eight bacterial species under open-field conditions. Morphological, physiological, biomass, yield, and fruit quality parameters were assessed to determine their agronomic effectiveness. The third topic of this thesis investigated the effects of different plant biostimulants applied as soil treatments on the early-stage development of barley and tomato plants. Peat was used as the base substrate, while various plant biostimulants, including PGPR, biochar, and agri-food by-products (such as apple peel), were applied individually or in combination to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating drought stress. Multiple traits related to growth, morphology, physiology, and biomass were assessed under greenhouse conditions. In addition to the greenhouse experiments, this investigation was extended to a two-year field trial on tomato using the same treatments. Four tomato genotypes were evaluated, and a comprehensive set of traits, including morphological, physiological, biomass, yield, and fruit quality traits, was assessed to determine the practical effectiveness of the biostimulants under open-field conditions. The results confirmed the effectiveness of PGPR, both alone and in combination with biochar. In contrast, the agri-food by-products did not show significant positive effects on plant performance under the tested conditions. In conclusion, this PhD study provides a comprehensive, multi-environment evaluation of various biostimulants applied to two major global crops (tomato and barley). The findings demonstrate that these biostimulants, particularly PGPR, have significant potential to support sustainable agricultural practices.
Sustainable Production and Management of Barley and Tomato under Abiotic Stress
16-apr-2026
CARADONIA, FEDERICA
MILC, Justyna Anna
FRANCIA, Enrico
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