Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers and has emerged as a highly promising material, receiving great attention for a wide range of applications. The primary source of cellulose is plants, which raises some environmental concerns, including biodiversity loss, depletion of natural resources, and environmental contamination mainly linked with extraction and purification processes. Microbial-based processes are gaining emphasis in the scientific community and industries due to the current context of climate change, demand for circular processes, use of renewable materials and environmental awareness. This opens the door for microbial production routes, such as bacterial cellulose (BC). Several gram-negative bacteria have been known to produce BC extracellularly, with the genus Komagataeibacter identified as one of the highest producers. BC is receiving great attention from both research and industrial community due to its various properties, like high-water retention, high purity, and biocompatibility leading to its extensive utilization in a wide range of fields. Despite BC`s unique properties, the high costs associated with its production (mainly due to the utilization of ultra-pure reagents for media formulation) remain a significant barrier to large-scale industrial production. Over the last decade, the scientific community has focused on the formulation of alternative media containing industrial side-streams, mainly agricultural or food industry by-products. Industrial side-streams are complex matrices, mainly characterized by a mixture of carbon and nitrogen sources. The most common carbon sources are sucrose, galactose, and xylan. Through adequate pretreatment methods, these complex sugars can be hydrolyzed in simple monosaccharides that can be used for BC synthesis by Komagataeibacter, such as glucose, fructose, xylose, glycerol, and mannitol. Different studies have highlighted the ability of Komagataeibacter species in the utilization of multiple carbon sources for BC production, ranging from glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, mannitol, glycerol, xylose and so on. Cellulose synthesis in a mixture of carbon sources occurs with defined efficiencies and timeframes, based on the metabolic features of the bacterial strain. The aim of this PhD thesis was to understand how K. xylinus interacts with multiple carbon sources and which metabolic responses are triggered in BC production, to increase applicability at an industrial scale. For this purpose, K2G39 from the Unimore Microbial Culture Collection (UMCC 2970) was selected for the study. Initially, the phenotypic traits were evaluated in a defined medium containing glucose and fructose as single carbon sources or in combination, to evaluate BC synthesis and the impact of each carbon source. Glucose was the preferred carbon source, with fructose consumption significantly delayed until glucose was nearly depleted. In mixed media, BC production was consistently higher than in single-carbon-source conditions, indicating a synergistic metabolic effect. Under low glucose concentration, fructose uptake increased rapidly, coinciding with secondary peaks in BC production . To simulate the metabolic behaviour in media containing more than one carbon sources, like agro-wastes, a more complex medium was formulated, containing four carbon sources, with the aim to evaluate the metabolic prioritization. In this context, the transcriptome analysis was used to assess the metabolic changes in single sugar media versus the mixture of carbon source. Such knowledge is essential to reduce production costs of BC, thereby bridging the gap between research and industry and contributing for the development of sustainable and bio-based technologies.
La cellulosa è uno dei polimeri naturali più abbondanti in natura essendo uno dei principali componenti delle cellule vegetali, che ne rappresentano la principale fonte. L’estrazione della cellulosa da piante implica l’impiego di trattamenti chimici, sollevando alcune preoccupazioni ambientali, tra cui la perdita di biodiversità, l'esaurimento delle risorse naturali e la contaminazione ambientale. Inoltre, il cambiamento climatico, la richiesta di processi circolari e l'uso di materiali rinnovabili spingono la comunità scientifica e industriali verso lo sviluppo di I processi più sostenibili che implicano l’utilizzo di microrganismi. In questo contesto, la cellulosa batterica (CB) rappresenta un’alternativa alla cellulosa vegetale. La CB è prodotta da diversi batteri gram-negativi a livello extracellulare, con il genere Komagataeibacter identificato come uno dei maggiori produttori. Le sue proprietà strutturali, la purezza e la biodegradabilità hanno attratto sia la comunità scientifica che quella industriale per lo sviluppo di un gran numero di applicazioni. I costi elevati associati alla sua produzione (associati all'utilizzo di reagenti ultra-puri per la formulazione dei terreni di coltura) rimangono un ostacolo significativo alla produzione industriale su larga scala. Nell'ultimo decennio, la comunità scientifica si è concentrata sulla formulazione di terreni di coltura alternativi contenenti sottoprodotti industriali, matrici complesse, caratterizzate principalmente da una miscela di diverse molecole chimiche, tra cui miscele di fonti di carbonio e azoto. Le fonti di carbonio più comuni sono il saccarosio, il galattosio e lo xilano. Attraverso adeguati metodi di pretrattamento, questi zuccheri complessi possono essere idrolizzati in semplici monosaccaridi che possono essere utilizzati dai batteri per la sintesi di BC. La modalità e le dinamiche con cui questi zuccheri vengo utilizzati dai batteri varia in base alla specie monosaccaridica, influenzando la resa di BC. Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato e’ stato quello di comprendere come K. xylinus interagisce con più fonti di carbonio e quali risposte metaboliche vengono attivate nella produzione di BC, al fine di aumentarne l'applicabilità su scala industriale. Per tale scopo, è stato selezionato il ceppo K2G39 della Collezione di Colture Microbiche Unimore (UMCC 2970), in base a studi precedenti che hanno evidenziato un elevato potenziale in termini di resa della CB. Inizialmente, sono stati valutati i tratti fenotipici in un mezzo di coltura definito, contenente glucosio come fonte unica di carbonio per valutare la sintesi di BC e sottoprodotti. In seguito, sono stati formulati terreni di coltura contenenti diversi carboidrati, per simulare i sottoprodotti industriali utilizzati per la formulazione di mezzi di coltura alternativi. In queste condizioni sono state misurate rese di CB più elevate, indicando un effetto sinergico nell’utilizzo della miscela di carboidrati. Inoltre, l’utilizzo di carboidrati che normalmente è più basso rispetto a quello del glucosio, come fruttosio e glicerolo, sono risultati essere più elevati. Per evidenziare i cambiamenti a livello metabolico e studiarne gli effetti e stato eseguito un analisi dei trascrittoma, confrontando K2G39 in terreni complessi rispetto a terreni contenenti una singola fonte di carbonio. Tali conoscenze sono essenziali per ridurre i costi di produzione del BC, colmando così il divario tra ricerca e industria e contribuendo allo sviluppo di tecnologie sostenibili e bio-based, aumentando la circolarità del processo e riducendo l'impatto ambientale.
Decifrare la risposta metabolica del Komagataeibacter xylinus ai substrati di carbonio misti: un approccio sistemico per ottimizzare la biosintesi della cellulosa batterica / Filipa Carolina Dos Santos Souto Pedro , 2026 Apr 16. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Decifrare la risposta metabolica del Komagataeibacter xylinus ai substrati di carbonio misti: un approccio sistemico per ottimizzare la biosintesi della cellulosa batterica
dos SANTOS SOUTO PEDRO, FILIPA CAROLINA
2026
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers and has emerged as a highly promising material, receiving great attention for a wide range of applications. The primary source of cellulose is plants, which raises some environmental concerns, including biodiversity loss, depletion of natural resources, and environmental contamination mainly linked with extraction and purification processes. Microbial-based processes are gaining emphasis in the scientific community and industries due to the current context of climate change, demand for circular processes, use of renewable materials and environmental awareness. This opens the door for microbial production routes, such as bacterial cellulose (BC). Several gram-negative bacteria have been known to produce BC extracellularly, with the genus Komagataeibacter identified as one of the highest producers. BC is receiving great attention from both research and industrial community due to its various properties, like high-water retention, high purity, and biocompatibility leading to its extensive utilization in a wide range of fields. Despite BC`s unique properties, the high costs associated with its production (mainly due to the utilization of ultra-pure reagents for media formulation) remain a significant barrier to large-scale industrial production. Over the last decade, the scientific community has focused on the formulation of alternative media containing industrial side-streams, mainly agricultural or food industry by-products. Industrial side-streams are complex matrices, mainly characterized by a mixture of carbon and nitrogen sources. The most common carbon sources are sucrose, galactose, and xylan. Through adequate pretreatment methods, these complex sugars can be hydrolyzed in simple monosaccharides that can be used for BC synthesis by Komagataeibacter, such as glucose, fructose, xylose, glycerol, and mannitol. Different studies have highlighted the ability of Komagataeibacter species in the utilization of multiple carbon sources for BC production, ranging from glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, mannitol, glycerol, xylose and so on. Cellulose synthesis in a mixture of carbon sources occurs with defined efficiencies and timeframes, based on the metabolic features of the bacterial strain. The aim of this PhD thesis was to understand how K. xylinus interacts with multiple carbon sources and which metabolic responses are triggered in BC production, to increase applicability at an industrial scale. For this purpose, K2G39 from the Unimore Microbial Culture Collection (UMCC 2970) was selected for the study. Initially, the phenotypic traits were evaluated in a defined medium containing glucose and fructose as single carbon sources or in combination, to evaluate BC synthesis and the impact of each carbon source. Glucose was the preferred carbon source, with fructose consumption significantly delayed until glucose was nearly depleted. In mixed media, BC production was consistently higher than in single-carbon-source conditions, indicating a synergistic metabolic effect. Under low glucose concentration, fructose uptake increased rapidly, coinciding with secondary peaks in BC production . To simulate the metabolic behaviour in media containing more than one carbon sources, like agro-wastes, a more complex medium was formulated, containing four carbon sources, with the aim to evaluate the metabolic prioritization. In this context, the transcriptome analysis was used to assess the metabolic changes in single sugar media versus the mixture of carbon source. Such knowledge is essential to reduce production costs of BC, thereby bridging the gap between research and industry and contributing for the development of sustainable and bio-based technologies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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dos Santos Souto Pedro.pdf
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Descrizione: dos Santos Souto Pedro.Filipa Carolina.pdf
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