Pollinators are essential for ecosystems, but their populations are declining due to multiple anthropogenic drivers, including habitat loss, intensive farming practices, pesticide use, pathogens, and climate change. This decline not only threatens biodiversity but also puts global food security at risk. In this scenario, it becomes crucial to develop strategies aimed at reducing the loss of pollinators, through the valorisation of plant species capable of sustaining pollinator communities and, at the same time, studying compounds derived from these plants to promote pollinator health within a green, circular economy framework. This thesis investigates the ecological and applicative potential of two plant species belonging to the Brassicales order: Eruca sativa (L.) (Brassicaceae family) and Reseda lutea (L) (Resedaceae family), evaluating their attractiveness to pollinators as well as the presence and bioactivity of glucosinolates in their floral structures. The selection of these two species was motivated by their tolerance to different climatic conditions, their abundant and prolonged flowering, their high attractiveness to pollinating insects, and the presence of glucosinolates in their tissues. The first part of the PhD project, evaluated their attractiveness to pollinators through field observations conducted in the agricultural areas of Emilia Romagna plain (Northern Italy). During the flowering period, the abundance and diversity of honeybees, wild bees, and hoverflies were recorded on the two target species and on the neighbouring co-flowering species. Results showed that E. sativa and R. lutea, thanks to their ecological, phenological, and physiological features, can provide to pollinators valuable trophic resources and could be integrated into agroecological infrastructures, such as flower strips, to mitigate the negative effects of intensive agriculture. The second part explores the bioactivity of floral extracts of E. sativa and R. lutea against Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian pathogen that infects the intestinal epithelium of honeybees and is recognized as one of the main causes of colony losses worldwide. The phytochemical profiling of the extracts under study focused on glucosinolates, a distinctive class of Brassicales secondary metabolites, and their hydrolysis products. Laboratory bioassay demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the natural compounds present in the extracts, supporting innovative, environmentally friendly strategies for honeybee health management. Finally, a systematic review analyzed the current state of knowledge on glucosinolates in the floral structures of species belonging to the order Brassicales, identifying gaps and future research directions. This work provides an overview of the ecological relevance of these compounds in flowers and highlights the need for further studies to clarify their functions in plant–pollinator interactions. Overall, this work integrates ecological and phytochemical perspectives, providing new insights into the multifunctional roles of E. sativa and R. lutea. By integrating pollinator conservation with the promotion of bee health, it highlights the potential of these species, adapted to local climatic conditions, to provide trophic resources for pollinators in intensive agricultural systems, as well as promoting the use of these plants for a sustainable management of Nosema ceranae.
Gli insetti impollinatori sono essenziali per il funzionamento degli ecosistemi, ma le loro popolazioni sono in forte declino a causa di molteplici fattori antropici, tra cui la perdita di habitat, l’agricoltura intensiva, l’uso massiccio di prodotti fitosanitari, patogeni e cambiamenti climatici. Questo declino minaccia non solo la biodiversità, ma anche la sicurezza alimentare globale. Diventa quindi fondamentale sviluppare strategie per contrastare il declino degli impollinatori, valorizzando specie vegetali in grado di fornire loro sostentamento, studiare composti fitochimici naturali che ne promuovano la salute in un’ottica di economia circolare verde. Il lavoro indaga il potenziale ecologico e applicativo di due specie appartenenti all’ordine delle Brassicales: Eruca sativa (L.) (Brassicaceae) e Reseda lutea (L.) (Resedaceae), valutandone l’attrattività verso i pronubi, la presenza e la bioattività dei glucosinolati nelle loro strutture fiorali. La scelta di E. sativa e R. lutea è stata motivata dalla loro resilienza a diverse condizioni climatiche, dalla capacità di garantire una fioritura abbondante e prolungata, dall’elevata attrattività dei loro fiori agli impollinatori e dalla presenza di glucosinolati nei loro tessuti. La prima parte del progetto ha valutato l’attrattività delle due specie nei confronti di insetti pronubi mediante osservazioni condotte in un agroecosistema tipico dell’Emilia-Romagna (Nord Italia). Durante il periodo di fioritura, l’abbondanza e diversità di api mellifere, api selvatiche e sirfidi sono state rilevate sulle 2 specie target e su specie co-fiorenti. I risultati hanno mostrato che E. sativa e R. lutea, grazie alle loro caratteristiche ecologiche, fenologiche e fisiologiche, offrono risorse trofiche di elevato valore e possono essere integrate nelle infrastrutture agroecologiche, come le fasce fiorite, per mitigare gli effetti dell’agricoltura intensiva. La seconda parte esplora la bioattività degli estratti floreali di E. sativa e R. lutea contro Nosema ceranae, patogeno microsporidio che infetta l’epitelio intestinale delle api mellifere e riconosciuto come una delle principali cause di perdita delle colonie a livello globale. Le analisi fitochimiche si sono focalizzate sui glucosinolati e sui loro prodotti di idrolisi. I test di laboratorio hanno evidenziato il potenziale antimicrobico dei composti naturali presenti negli estratti, a supporto di strategie innovative a ridotto impatto ambientale per la salvaguardia della salute delle api. Infine, una revisione sistematica ha analizzato lo stato delle conoscenze sui glucosinolati nelle strutture fiorali delle specie appartenenti all’ordine delle Brassicales, individuando lacune e future direzioni di ricerca. Il lavoro fornisce una panoramica del ruolo ecologico di questi composti nei fiori, sottolineando la necessità di ulteriori studi per una maggiore comprensione del ruolo da essi svolto nelle interazioni pianta–impollinatore. Complessivamente la tesi integra prospettive ecologiche e fitochimiche, offrendo nuove evidenze sui ruoli multifunzionali di E. sativa e R. lutea. Nell’ottica di una maggiore salvaguardia degli impollinatori e della salute delle api, il progetto mette in luce il potenziale di queste due specie, adattate alle condizioni locali, nel fornire risorse trofiche in sistemi agricoli intensivi e nel contribuire a una gestione sostenibile di Nosema ceranae.
Studio e utilizzo di specie appartenenti all’ordine Brassicales attrattive per api mellifere e altri impollinatori per fornire e migliorare i servizi ecosistemici in agricoltura / Matteo Carloni , 2026 Apr 16. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Studio e utilizzo di specie appartenenti all’ordine Brassicales attrattive per api mellifere e altri impollinatori per fornire e migliorare i servizi ecosistemici in agricoltura
CARLONI, MATTEO
2026
Abstract
Pollinators are essential for ecosystems, but their populations are declining due to multiple anthropogenic drivers, including habitat loss, intensive farming practices, pesticide use, pathogens, and climate change. This decline not only threatens biodiversity but also puts global food security at risk. In this scenario, it becomes crucial to develop strategies aimed at reducing the loss of pollinators, through the valorisation of plant species capable of sustaining pollinator communities and, at the same time, studying compounds derived from these plants to promote pollinator health within a green, circular economy framework. This thesis investigates the ecological and applicative potential of two plant species belonging to the Brassicales order: Eruca sativa (L.) (Brassicaceae family) and Reseda lutea (L) (Resedaceae family), evaluating their attractiveness to pollinators as well as the presence and bioactivity of glucosinolates in their floral structures. The selection of these two species was motivated by their tolerance to different climatic conditions, their abundant and prolonged flowering, their high attractiveness to pollinating insects, and the presence of glucosinolates in their tissues. The first part of the PhD project, evaluated their attractiveness to pollinators through field observations conducted in the agricultural areas of Emilia Romagna plain (Northern Italy). During the flowering period, the abundance and diversity of honeybees, wild bees, and hoverflies were recorded on the two target species and on the neighbouring co-flowering species. Results showed that E. sativa and R. lutea, thanks to their ecological, phenological, and physiological features, can provide to pollinators valuable trophic resources and could be integrated into agroecological infrastructures, such as flower strips, to mitigate the negative effects of intensive agriculture. The second part explores the bioactivity of floral extracts of E. sativa and R. lutea against Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian pathogen that infects the intestinal epithelium of honeybees and is recognized as one of the main causes of colony losses worldwide. The phytochemical profiling of the extracts under study focused on glucosinolates, a distinctive class of Brassicales secondary metabolites, and their hydrolysis products. Laboratory bioassay demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the natural compounds present in the extracts, supporting innovative, environmentally friendly strategies for honeybee health management. Finally, a systematic review analyzed the current state of knowledge on glucosinolates in the floral structures of species belonging to the order Brassicales, identifying gaps and future research directions. This work provides an overview of the ecological relevance of these compounds in flowers and highlights the need for further studies to clarify their functions in plant–pollinator interactions. Overall, this work integrates ecological and phytochemical perspectives, providing new insights into the multifunctional roles of E. sativa and R. lutea. By integrating pollinator conservation with the promotion of bee health, it highlights the potential of these species, adapted to local climatic conditions, to provide trophic resources for pollinators in intensive agricultural systems, as well as promoting the use of these plants for a sustainable management of Nosema ceranae.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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