Inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer are linked. The deregulation of the immune system and inflammation are at the basis of the onset of autoimmune diseases. In addition, chronic inflammation can favor cancer progression. The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammation, autoimmunity, and solid tumors in two different directions: i) exploring the features that characterize cancer-associated autoimmune diseases; ii) investigating the effects of inflammation on immune checkpoint axes in solid tumors. Part 1 of the project concerned the study of serum biomarkers in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) with and without cancer to identify patients at higher risk of developing cancer. DM is the autoimmune disease with the highest association with cancers. To characterize patients with DM most at risk, we investigated the presence of antibodies directed against plasma membrane proteins of commercial human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM), in the serum of patients with DM with and without cancer. We also analyzed serum levels of soluble immune checkpoints, MICA, MICB, and PTX3 between patients with DM with and without cancer and compared patients with DM to healthy subjects (HC) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). No differences were found in the investigated biomarkers comparing patients with and without cancer. However, differences were found between patients with DM, patients with RA, and HC. The percentages of HSMMs stained with serum IgG antibodies were higher in DM patients than in HC. In addition, several soluble molecules were increased in patients with DM, suggesting a potential pathogenic role. Soluble VISTA, CD27, and PTX3 resulted in the best classifiers of patients with DM and the most promising targets. Part 2 of the project concerned the study of immune checkpoint expression in relation to inflammatory cytokines and chemotherapy to provide clues in pathogenic mechanisms in both autoimmune diseases and cancer. Inflammation plays a promoting role in cancer development, e.g. in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract such as colon cancers. Inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and drugs used in cancer therapy can alter the expression of immune checkpoints, crucial regulators of the immune system. However, extensive knowledge of their effects is still lacking. We evaluated the effects of different inflammatory cytokines or chemotherapeutic drugs (5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan) on immune checkpoint levels expressed by three colon cancer cell lines: HT-29, HCT116, and DLD-1. The following immune checkpoints were investigated: PD-L1, PD-L2, and GAL9 with inhibitory activities; 4-1BBL and ICOSL with stimulatory activities; CD155 with a dual function. Heterogeneity in the responses by the three cell lines tested emerged. IFNγ increased PD-L1 expression in all the cell lines. TNFα increased PD-L1 and GAL9 in HT-29 cells. In addition, TNFα increased PD-L1 and CD155 while it decreased 4-1BBL in HCT116 cells. PD-L1 was also increased by IL-1β in HT-29 and HCT116 and by IL-6+soluble IL-6Rα in DLD-1 cells. Regarding drug treatment, PD-L1 was increased by all the drugs in HT-29 and DLD-1 cells and by 5-Fluorouracil and Irinotecan in HCT116 cells. All the drugs slightly increased PD-L2 on HT-29 and DLD-1 cells and increased 4-1BBL, CD155, and GAL9 expression in the three cell lines. ICOSL was not expressed nor induced. Data suggest an increase in inhibitory immune checkpoints and a decrease of the stimulatory ones by IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, which might affect cancer immune escape mechanisms or autoimmune manifestations. Data also suggest a modulating role of chemotherapeutic drugs on the immune system, which should be considered e.g. to plan combined treatments.
Infiammazione, autoimmunità e tumori sono collegati. La deregolazione del sistema immunitario e l'infiammazione sono alla base dell'insorgenza di malattie autoimmuni. Inoltre, l'infiammazione cronica può favorire la progressione dei tumori. Questo progetto di ricerca si proponeva di indagare la relazione tra infiammazione, autoimmunità e tumori solidi in due diverse direzioni: i) esplorare le caratteristiche che contraddistinguono le malattie autoimmuni associate a tumore; ii) indagare gli effetti dell'infiammazione sui checkpoint immunitari nei tumori solidi. La prima parte del progetto ha riguardato lo studio di biomarcatori sierici in pazienti affetti da dermatomiosite (DM) con e senza tumore, per identificare i pazienti maggiormente a rischio di sviluppare neoplasie. La DM è la malattia autoimmune con la più alta associazione con i tumori. Per caratterizzare i pazienti con DM maggiormente a rischio, abbiamo studiato la presenza di anticorpi diretti contro le proteine di membrana di mioblasti del muscolo scheletrico umani commerciali (HSMM), nel siero di pazienti con DM con e senza tumore. Abbiamo anche analizzato i livelli sierici di checkpoint immunitari solubili, MICA, MICB e PTX3 tra i pazienti con DM con e senza tumore e confrontato i pazienti con DM con i soggetti sani (HC) e i pazienti con artrite reumatoide (RA). Non sono state riscontrate differenze nei biomarcatori analizzati tra i pazienti con e senza tumore. Tuttavia, sono state riscontrate differenze tra pazienti con DM, pazienti con RA e HC. La percentuale di cellule HSMM legate da anticorpi IgG sierici era più alta nei pazienti con DM rispetto agli HC. Inoltre, diverse molecole solubili sono risultate aumentate nei pazienti con DM, suggerendo un potenziale ruolo patogenetico. Le molecole solubili VISTA, CD27 e PTX3 sono risultate i migliori classificatori dei pazienti con DM e i target più promettenti. La seconda parte del progetto ha riguardato lo studio dell'espressione dei checkpoint immunitari in relazione alle citochine infiammatorie e alla chemioterapia, per fornire indicazioni sui meccanismi patogenetici delle malattie autoimmuni e dei tumori. L'infiammazione promuove lo sviluppo dei tumori, come ad esempio il tumore del colon. Le citochine infiammatorie nel microambiente tumorale e i farmaci utilizzati in terapia possono alterare l'espressione dei checkpoint immunitari. Tuttavia, manca ancora una conoscenza approfondita dei loro effetti. Abbiamo valutato gli effetti di diverse citochine infiammatorie o di farmaci chemioterapici (5-Fluorouracile, Oxaliplatino e Irinotecano) sui livelli dei checkpoint immunitari (PD-L1, PD-L2, GAL9 – inibitori; 4-1BBL, ICOSL – stimolatori; CD155 con duplice funzione) espressi da tre linee cellulari di tumore del colon: HT-29, HCT116 e DLD-1. L'IFNγ aumentava l'espressione di PD-L1 in tutte le linee. Il TNFα aumentava PD-L1 e GAL9 nelle HT-29, aumentava PD-L1 e CD155 e diminuiva 4-1BBL nelle HCT116. PD-L1 aumentava anche con trattamento con IL-1β nelle HT-29 e HCT116 e con IL-6+IL-6Rα solubile nelle DLD-1. PD-L1 è risultato aumentato anche da tutti i farmaci nelle cellule HT-29 e DLD-1, e da 5-Fluorouracile e Irinotecano nelle HCT116. Tutti i farmaci aumentavano leggermente PD-L2 nelle HT-29 e DLD-1 e aumentavano 4-1BBL, CD155 e GAL9 in tutte le linee. L'ICOSL non è risultato espresso né indotto. I dati suggeriscono un aumento dei checkpoint immunitari inibitori e una diminuzione di quelli stimolatori da parte di IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β e IL-6, che potrebbero influenzare i meccanismi di evasione tumorale o le manifestazioni autoimmuni. I risultati suggeriscono anche un ruolo modulante dei farmaci chemioterapici sul sistema immunitario, che dovrebbe essere preso in considerazione, ad esempio, per pianificare trattamenti combinati.
Interazione tra infiammazione, autoimmunità e tumori solidi: approfondimenti sui checkpoint immunitari / Ilaria Ferrigno , 2025 Jan 22. 37. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2023/2024.
Interazione tra infiammazione, autoimmunità e tumori solidi: approfondimenti sui checkpoint immunitari
FERRIGNO, ILARIA
2025
Abstract
Inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer are linked. The deregulation of the immune system and inflammation are at the basis of the onset of autoimmune diseases. In addition, chronic inflammation can favor cancer progression. The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammation, autoimmunity, and solid tumors in two different directions: i) exploring the features that characterize cancer-associated autoimmune diseases; ii) investigating the effects of inflammation on immune checkpoint axes in solid tumors. Part 1 of the project concerned the study of serum biomarkers in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) with and without cancer to identify patients at higher risk of developing cancer. DM is the autoimmune disease with the highest association with cancers. To characterize patients with DM most at risk, we investigated the presence of antibodies directed against plasma membrane proteins of commercial human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM), in the serum of patients with DM with and without cancer. We also analyzed serum levels of soluble immune checkpoints, MICA, MICB, and PTX3 between patients with DM with and without cancer and compared patients with DM to healthy subjects (HC) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). No differences were found in the investigated biomarkers comparing patients with and without cancer. However, differences were found between patients with DM, patients with RA, and HC. The percentages of HSMMs stained with serum IgG antibodies were higher in DM patients than in HC. In addition, several soluble molecules were increased in patients with DM, suggesting a potential pathogenic role. Soluble VISTA, CD27, and PTX3 resulted in the best classifiers of patients with DM and the most promising targets. Part 2 of the project concerned the study of immune checkpoint expression in relation to inflammatory cytokines and chemotherapy to provide clues in pathogenic mechanisms in both autoimmune diseases and cancer. Inflammation plays a promoting role in cancer development, e.g. in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract such as colon cancers. Inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and drugs used in cancer therapy can alter the expression of immune checkpoints, crucial regulators of the immune system. However, extensive knowledge of their effects is still lacking. We evaluated the effects of different inflammatory cytokines or chemotherapeutic drugs (5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan) on immune checkpoint levels expressed by three colon cancer cell lines: HT-29, HCT116, and DLD-1. The following immune checkpoints were investigated: PD-L1, PD-L2, and GAL9 with inhibitory activities; 4-1BBL and ICOSL with stimulatory activities; CD155 with a dual function. Heterogeneity in the responses by the three cell lines tested emerged. IFNγ increased PD-L1 expression in all the cell lines. TNFα increased PD-L1 and GAL9 in HT-29 cells. In addition, TNFα increased PD-L1 and CD155 while it decreased 4-1BBL in HCT116 cells. PD-L1 was also increased by IL-1β in HT-29 and HCT116 and by IL-6+soluble IL-6Rα in DLD-1 cells. Regarding drug treatment, PD-L1 was increased by all the drugs in HT-29 and DLD-1 cells and by 5-Fluorouracil and Irinotecan in HCT116 cells. All the drugs slightly increased PD-L2 on HT-29 and DLD-1 cells and increased 4-1BBL, CD155, and GAL9 expression in the three cell lines. ICOSL was not expressed nor induced. Data suggest an increase in inhibitory immune checkpoints and a decrease of the stimulatory ones by IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, which might affect cancer immune escape mechanisms or autoimmune manifestations. Data also suggest a modulating role of chemotherapeutic drugs on the immune system, which should be considered e.g. to plan combined treatments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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