It is now a well-established fact that medical and healthcare activities fall within those characterized by high complexity, both organizationally and technologically. A medical act can no longer be considered an independent element but rather the final moment of an extremely diverse process that includes various phases and actors, not all of whom are human, capable of influencing the ultimate relationship between doctor and patient. However, it should be noted that despite this awareness, the law and jurisprudence have remained anchored to a traditional conception of criminal medical liability, where the focus remains on the doctor-patient relationship. This approach is no longer acceptable when discussing negligent responsibility. Medical incidents cannot be explained solely as the human error of the operator; it is necessary to delve deeper for, at least, a dual order of reasons: to correctly allocate responsibilities and learn from mistakes to improve the future. While it is true that, typically, the "trigger" is pulled by the one taking the final step, it must also be considered that the medical act, in the majority of cases, is part of a longer process. This view, naturally shifts the focus of analysis from the individual level to the organizational one, placing the specific risk and safety cultures present in healthcare structures at the centre of the investigation. On the other hand, it must also be considered that acting on structures rather than individuals could be a more effective method for directing positive practices. Indeed, as legal entities, structures are naturally inclined to plan their behaviours and are much less subject to human action. However, it should not be forgotten that healthcare facilities are now considered "technologically dense" environments, with a consequent increase in sophistication and complexity. Therefore, risk must be managed and governed at an additional level, which is the technological one. Given these premises, this work intends to deepen the concept of risk in the field of medical and healthcare activities, to focus on some of the less investigated aspects. It will start with a brief overview of the state of individual medical responsibility, a privileged "battlefield" for both the legislature and jurisprudence, where all efforts have been concentrated in attempting to balance the social defence demands from citizens with those of healthcare personnel. Illustrative in this regard is the fact that the legislature has proposed three important reforms in the last decade, all concerning the responsibility of healthcare operators, in addition to special measures related to "Covid-19". The Courts have then tried to navigate this rough sea, expressing various opposing directions culminating in a significant pronouncement by the "Sezioni Unite" that has not, however, stopped the debate. Attention will then turn to the so-called "managerial" responsibility, which could constitute a new interesting point of focus for individual criminal responsibility. From management, a natural transition will be made to the profiles of "collective" responsibility, referring to the responsibility of the structures within which medical activity is carried out. Finally, the last part will be dedicated to reconstructing the digital environment that characterizes today's healthcare facilities, to understand if new risks and thus new frontiers of medical responsibility are emerging.

È un dato ormai acquisito che l’attività medico-sanitaria rientri tra quelle caratterizzate da alta complessità, organizzativa e tecnologica. L’atto medico non può più considerarsi quale elemento indipendente dal contesto in cui si va ad inserire, bensì come il momento finale di un processo estremamente variegato che comprende diverse fasi ed attori, non tutti umani, in grado di incidere sul rapporto ultimo tra medico e paziente. Tuttavia, si deve notare che, a fronte di questa presa di coscienza, la legge e la giurisprudenza siano rimaste ancorate ad una concezione “tradizionale” della responsabilità medica penale, dove il focus resta incentrato sul rapporto medico-paziente. Tale impostazione, non è però più accettabile quando si parla di responsabilità colposa. L’incidente medico non può essere più spiegato unicamente come l’errore umano dell’operatore, ma è necessario andare più a fondo per un duplice ordine di ragioni, almeno: allocare correttamente le responsabilità ed imparare dagli errori. Se pur vero che, normalmente, il trigger viene innescato da chi compie l’ultimo passo, va ugualmente tenuto in conto che l’atto medico, nella maggioranza dei casi, si inserisce all’interno di un processo che risente inevitabilmente di un’organizzazione molto più complessa. Questa linea interpretativa, sposta ovviamente il fuoco dell’analisi dal livello individuale a quello organizzativo, mettendo al centro dell’indagine le specifiche culture del rischio e della sicurezza presenti nelle strutture medico-assistenziali. D’altro canto, si deve anche considerare che agire sulle strutture e non sul singolo potrebbe essere un metodo più efficace per indirizzare prassi positive. Le stesse, infatti, in quanto entità giuridiche sono naturalmente portate alla pianificazione dei propri comportamenti e molto meno soggette all’agire umano. Non bisogna, dimenticare, però, che le strutture sanitarie sono ormai ambienti considerati “tecnologicamente densi”, con conseguente aumento di sofisticazione e complessità. Il rischio deve pertanto essere gestito e governato su un ulteriore livello, che è quello tecnologico. Date queste premesse, l’intento del presente lavoro è quello di approfondire il concetto di rischio nell’ambito dell’attività medico-sanitaria, con la volontà di concentrarsi su alcuni dei profili meno indagati in materia. Si partirà da un rapido excursus sullo stato della responsabilità medica individuale, terreno di “battaglia” privilegiato sia dal legislatore che dalla giurisprudenza e dove, ad oggi, tutti gli sforzi di questi due formanti del diritto si sono concentrati nel tentare di equilibrare le istanze di difesa sociale proveniente dai cittadini con quelle del personale sanitario. Emblematico, sul punto, il fatto che il legislatore abbia sostanzialmente proposto tre importanti riforme nell’ultima decade, tutte riguardanti la responsabilità dell’operatore sanitario, alle quali si aggiungono i provvedimenti speciali legati al “Covid-19”. La giurisprudenza ha poi cercato di navigare, con non poche difficoltà, in questo mare mosso, arrivando ad esprimere diversi indirizzi opposti culminati in un’importante pronuncia a Sezioni Unite. In chiusura, si volgerà poi lo sguardo verso la responsabilità c.d. “dirigenziale”, che potrebbe costituire un nuovo interessante punto di attenzione per la responsabilità penale individuale. Dalla dirigenza, sarà naturale il salto verso i profili di responsabilità “collettiva”, intendendo per la stessa la responsabilità delle strutture all’interno delle quali viene svolta l’attività medica. Infine, si dedicherà un’ultima parte al ricostruire l’ambiente digitale che caratterizza oggi le strutture sanitarie, al fine di capire se si stiano formando nuovi rischi e dunque nuove frontiere della responsabilità medica.

I sistemi sanitari complessi. Ragionamenti attorno all’utilizzo del diritto penale nell’attività medica svolta in contesti “strutturati” / Federico Furia , 2024 Nov 26. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

I sistemi sanitari complessi. Ragionamenti attorno all’utilizzo del diritto penale nell’attività medica svolta in contesti “strutturati”.

FURIA, FEDERICO
2024

Abstract

It is now a well-established fact that medical and healthcare activities fall within those characterized by high complexity, both organizationally and technologically. A medical act can no longer be considered an independent element but rather the final moment of an extremely diverse process that includes various phases and actors, not all of whom are human, capable of influencing the ultimate relationship between doctor and patient. However, it should be noted that despite this awareness, the law and jurisprudence have remained anchored to a traditional conception of criminal medical liability, where the focus remains on the doctor-patient relationship. This approach is no longer acceptable when discussing negligent responsibility. Medical incidents cannot be explained solely as the human error of the operator; it is necessary to delve deeper for, at least, a dual order of reasons: to correctly allocate responsibilities and learn from mistakes to improve the future. While it is true that, typically, the "trigger" is pulled by the one taking the final step, it must also be considered that the medical act, in the majority of cases, is part of a longer process. This view, naturally shifts the focus of analysis from the individual level to the organizational one, placing the specific risk and safety cultures present in healthcare structures at the centre of the investigation. On the other hand, it must also be considered that acting on structures rather than individuals could be a more effective method for directing positive practices. Indeed, as legal entities, structures are naturally inclined to plan their behaviours and are much less subject to human action. However, it should not be forgotten that healthcare facilities are now considered "technologically dense" environments, with a consequent increase in sophistication and complexity. Therefore, risk must be managed and governed at an additional level, which is the technological one. Given these premises, this work intends to deepen the concept of risk in the field of medical and healthcare activities, to focus on some of the less investigated aspects. It will start with a brief overview of the state of individual medical responsibility, a privileged "battlefield" for both the legislature and jurisprudence, where all efforts have been concentrated in attempting to balance the social defence demands from citizens with those of healthcare personnel. Illustrative in this regard is the fact that the legislature has proposed three important reforms in the last decade, all concerning the responsibility of healthcare operators, in addition to special measures related to "Covid-19". The Courts have then tried to navigate this rough sea, expressing various opposing directions culminating in a significant pronouncement by the "Sezioni Unite" that has not, however, stopped the debate. Attention will then turn to the so-called "managerial" responsibility, which could constitute a new interesting point of focus for individual criminal responsibility. From management, a natural transition will be made to the profiles of "collective" responsibility, referring to the responsibility of the structures within which medical activity is carried out. Finally, the last part will be dedicated to reconstructing the digital environment that characterizes today's healthcare facilities, to understand if new risks and thus new frontiers of medical responsibility are emerging.
Complex Healthcare Systems. Reflections on the Use of Criminal Law in Medical Practice Conducted in Hospitals and Large Clinics.
26-nov-2024
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