Critical time windows are peculiar stages of development where the brain can reorganize in response to experiences. Heightened synaptic plasticity is a double-edged blade: it enables to build up skills to fit the environment but it also increases the vulnerability to stress events, as neuroinflammatory hits of specific brain areas, like the hippocampus. The term “programming” refers to the imprinting that an adverse event leaves on the individual with consequences which may be also enduring, especially when experienced in a vulnerable window by potentially increasing sensitivity to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and MDD, that emerge during adolescence. Identifying their early markers of onset is crucial given their socio-economic burden. Sex-dimorphism is emerging as a key factor for differential stress response and mental diseases development. Aim of this thesis is to understand how the experience of a neuroinflammatory stress during pre-puberty and adolescence may affect the acute central, peripheral and behavioural response later in life. The systemic injection of LPS is the elective model to study neuroinflammation in rodents, so we employed this model to investigate: 1) the acute transcriptional effects of an immune challenge experienced during juvenile (PND21) and adolescence (PND35), 2) its molecular and behavioural effects on a second inflammatory hit experienced as adults, in male and female mice. Two cohorts were studied: 1) male and female C57BL6J mice were injected i.p. with LPS (100 μg/Kg) or saline at PND21/35 and sacrificed 6 or 24 hours later; 2) mice treated as in point 1 were re-exposed to LPS (830 μg/Kg) or saline at 12wks and sacrificed after 24h. Neuroinflammation-related targets were evaluated in the hippocampus by means of qPCR and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) were measured in the serum by means of HPLC-MS/MS. An independent group of adult mice were tested for explorative and anxiety-like behaviour, and short-term memory with a battery of tests. Juvenile and adolescent hippocampal transcriptional response to LPS with respect to inflammatory and microglia-related targets was more intense in females than in males. Consistently, the mRNA expression of the KP limiting enzyme IDO was induced in females only. In adults, this trend was reversed, males showed a stronger transcriptional effect irrespective of experiencing the immune challenge only in early life or also as adults. Serum TRP levels were increased by the immune challenge only in PND21 animals with a different timing between male and female mice, while serotonin was decreased by LPS at both ages and in both sexes. In adult male animals, the effect of LPS on TRP catabolism was not affected by a previous exposure to the immune challenge, while females re-exposed to the inflammatory hit as adults appeared to be more sensible than their saline-receiving counterparts. Behavioural impairments were highlighted: in the OF, LPS reduced exploratory behaviour of males experiencing the immune challenge only as adults whereas females showed short-term memory impairment after the Y-maze. LPS treatment at PND21 or PND35 potentiated the behavioural effects of a subsequent exposure to the endotoxin in adulthood especially in female animals exposed to the immune challenge as adolescents. Overall, our data suggest that a neuroinflammatory insult experienced during critical time windows of development have central, peripheral and behavioural long-lasting effects and differ according to biological sex.

Durante lo sviluppo di un individuo, esistono fasi di elevata sensibilità, anche dette “finestre critiche”, in cui le esperienze influiscono sulla riorganizzazione molecolare e strutturale del cervello. La plasticità sinaptica che le caratterizza permette di adattarsi all’ambiente ma può anche aumentare la vulnerabilità agli eventi stressanti, come gli insulti neuro-infiammatori, in aree cerebrali specifiche come l’ippocampo. Il termine “programming” definisce l’effetto che gli eventi avversi lasciano sull’individuo con conseguenze anche durature, specialmente se sperimentati in una finestra di vulnerabilità. Ciò può aumentare la probabilità di insorgenza di disordini psichiatrici, come l’ansia, il disturbo bipolare, la schizofrenia e la depressione maggiore, che insorgono spesso proprio in adolescenza. Ad oggi, il peso socio-economico di queste patologie rende cruciale l’identificazione di marker precoci di insorgenza. In tale quadro, il sesso biologico sta emergendo come fattore differenziale chiave. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è stato dunque capire come uno stress neuro-infiammatorio sperimentato nel periodo pre-puberale e nell’adolescenza possa influenzare la risposta acuta del SNC, la risposta periferica e il comportamento più avanti nella vita, ad esempio nell’età adulta. L’iniezione sistemica di LPS è il modello elettivo di studio della neuro-infiammazione nei roditori e lo abbiamo impiegato per indagare: 1) gli effetti trascrizionali acuti di uno stimolo infiammatorio indotto durante la fase giovanile (PND21) e l’adolescenza (PND35), 2) le conseguenze molecolari e comportamentali su un secondo insulto infiammatorio indotto nell’età adulta, in topi maschi e femmine. Dunque: 1) topi maschi e femmine C57BL6J sono stati iniettati con LPS (100 μg/Kg) o salina a PND21/35 e sacrificati dopo 6/24 ore, 2) i topi trattati come nel punto 1 sono stati ri-esposti a LPS (830 μg/Kg) o salina a 12 settimane e poi sacrificati 24 ore dopo. Mediante qPCR e HPLC-MS/MS sono stati valutati rispettivamente i target correlati alla risposta neuro-infiammatoria in ippocampo e i metaboliti della pathway delle chinurenine (KP) nel siero. Tramite una batteria di test comportamentali abbiamo studiato, inoltre, il comportamento esplorativo, ansioso e la memoria a breve termine in un gruppo indipendente di topi adulti. Negli animali giovani e adolescenti, gli effetti trascrizionali in ippocampo indotti da LPS su target e correlati all'attivazione microgliale erano più intensi nelle femmine che nei maschi. Inoltre, l'espressione di IDO, l’enzima limitante della KP, è stata indotta solo nelle femmine. Nell’adulto invece, sono stati i maschi a mostrare una risposta trascrizionale a LPS maggiore indipendentemente trattamento ricevuto precedentemente. Per quanto riguarda gli effetti sui metaboliti della KP, LPS ha aumentato i livelli sierici di TRP solo a PND21. L’effetto è stato tempo- e sesso- dipendente. I livelli di serotonina sono diminuiti indipendentemente da sesso ed età. Nei maschi adulti non si sono presentate variazioni di TRP, mentre le femmine esposte nuovamente a LPS si sono mostrate più sensibili rispetto ai loro controlli. A livello comportamentale, LPS ha ridotto l’esplorazione dei maschi adulti nell’OF mentre nelle femmine è stata la memoria a breve termine ad essere intaccata. Il trattamento con LPS in età precoce ha potenziato gli effetti comportamentali di uno stimolo immunitario sperimentato in età adulta, specialmente nelle femmine esposte a LPS in adolescenza. Nel complesso, i nostri dati indicano che un insulto neuro-infiammatorio sperimentato durante fasi critiche dello sviluppo ha effetti centrali, periferici e comportamentali di lunga durata che differiscono in base al sesso biologico.

Uno stimolo infiammatorio, indotto dal trattamento sistemico con LPS, in topi giovani o adolescenti modula le successive risposte molecolari e comportamentali in modo differenziale nei maschi e nelle femmine / Ylenia Toscano , 2024 Sep 30. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Uno stimolo infiammatorio, indotto dal trattamento sistemico con LPS, in topi giovani o adolescenti modula le successive risposte molecolari e comportamentali in modo differenziale nei maschi e nelle femmine

TOSCANO, YLENIA
2024

Abstract

Critical time windows are peculiar stages of development where the brain can reorganize in response to experiences. Heightened synaptic plasticity is a double-edged blade: it enables to build up skills to fit the environment but it also increases the vulnerability to stress events, as neuroinflammatory hits of specific brain areas, like the hippocampus. The term “programming” refers to the imprinting that an adverse event leaves on the individual with consequences which may be also enduring, especially when experienced in a vulnerable window by potentially increasing sensitivity to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and MDD, that emerge during adolescence. Identifying their early markers of onset is crucial given their socio-economic burden. Sex-dimorphism is emerging as a key factor for differential stress response and mental diseases development. Aim of this thesis is to understand how the experience of a neuroinflammatory stress during pre-puberty and adolescence may affect the acute central, peripheral and behavioural response later in life. The systemic injection of LPS is the elective model to study neuroinflammation in rodents, so we employed this model to investigate: 1) the acute transcriptional effects of an immune challenge experienced during juvenile (PND21) and adolescence (PND35), 2) its molecular and behavioural effects on a second inflammatory hit experienced as adults, in male and female mice. Two cohorts were studied: 1) male and female C57BL6J mice were injected i.p. with LPS (100 μg/Kg) or saline at PND21/35 and sacrificed 6 or 24 hours later; 2) mice treated as in point 1 were re-exposed to LPS (830 μg/Kg) or saline at 12wks and sacrificed after 24h. Neuroinflammation-related targets were evaluated in the hippocampus by means of qPCR and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) were measured in the serum by means of HPLC-MS/MS. An independent group of adult mice were tested for explorative and anxiety-like behaviour, and short-term memory with a battery of tests. Juvenile and adolescent hippocampal transcriptional response to LPS with respect to inflammatory and microglia-related targets was more intense in females than in males. Consistently, the mRNA expression of the KP limiting enzyme IDO was induced in females only. In adults, this trend was reversed, males showed a stronger transcriptional effect irrespective of experiencing the immune challenge only in early life or also as adults. Serum TRP levels were increased by the immune challenge only in PND21 animals with a different timing between male and female mice, while serotonin was decreased by LPS at both ages and in both sexes. In adult male animals, the effect of LPS on TRP catabolism was not affected by a previous exposure to the immune challenge, while females re-exposed to the inflammatory hit as adults appeared to be more sensible than their saline-receiving counterparts. Behavioural impairments were highlighted: in the OF, LPS reduced exploratory behaviour of males experiencing the immune challenge only as adults whereas females showed short-term memory impairment after the Y-maze. LPS treatment at PND21 or PND35 potentiated the behavioural effects of a subsequent exposure to the endotoxin in adulthood especially in female animals exposed to the immune challenge as adolescents. Overall, our data suggest that a neuroinflammatory insult experienced during critical time windows of development have central, peripheral and behavioural long-lasting effects and differ according to biological sex.
An immune challenge in juvenile or adolescent mice differentially modulates LPS-induced molecular and behavioural sequelae in males and females
30-set-2024
TASCEDDA, Fabio
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