Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: The great challenge of patient selection

The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) revolutionized the therapeutic landscape in head and neck cancer. However, the majority of patients present primary resistance to ICIs and do not benefit from use of these agents, highlighting the need of developing predictive biomarkers to better determine who will benefit from treatment with ICIs. Patient's related clinical characteristics, disease related features, pathological and molecular factors, as well as emerging immune predictive biomarkers can be considered for the selection of those patients who would be the best candidate for immunotherapy. We examined these factors, emerging from the results of currently available studies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in order to provide a useful tool which could assist the oncologist in their clinical practice.