Hereditary cancer syndromes are a group of diseases that onset due to a genetic mutation transmitted by parents. Each cancer type has a 5-10% possibility of having a hereditary origin. In recent years, the application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology has facilitated multigene panel analysis. Early cancer detection and genetic counselling are essential for patients or relatives at risk of developing a disease with a potential hereditary component to know the nature of the genetic disorder and its transmission. Furthermore, genetic characterization of the patient at the germline level could guide future development of targeted therapeutic strategies that selectively act on altered molecular pathways. In this thesis are analysed genetic variants of hereditary pathologies of Familiar Melanoma (FM), Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma (PPGL) and Lynch Syndrome (LS) using molecular test and sequencing. Melanoma is a malignant skin tumour that results from the neoplastic transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes. FM accounts for nearly 10% of these cancers and it is often underdiagnosed. For more than a decade, only variants in CDKN2A and CDK4 genes had been consistently associated with hereditary melanoma susceptibility. In recent years, other genes predisposing to the risk of developing melanoma have been identified, such as POT1, ACD, TERF2IP, TERT, BAP1, MITF, MC1R. The study aims to evaluate the impact of NGS custom panel in patients that have a genetic factor predisposing to melanoma and to analyse the prevalence of territory-related variants to have a more accurate risk estimation in the geographical area. The introduction of a NGS gene panel for FM as a germline testing strategy for melanoma patients showed a Detection Rate (DR) of 15.07%. If we consider the comparison between the NGS panel test and the Sanger standard test, the latter had less than 10% sensitivity compared to melanoma’s gene panel. PPGLs are neuroendocrine tumours arising from the neural crest and derive from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullary and paraganglia.The annual incidence of these rare tumours is approximately two cases per million, with the highest incidence between the third and fifth decades of age. PPGLs are hereditary tumours with around 30 % of patients that have a germline variant able to predispose to the tumour. It is a rare disease but has a high variability, with different symptoms that are frequently hidden in other clinical conditions. This study used the NGS Clinical Exome Trusight One Combo panel (Illumina) to detect the presence of germline variants in genes correlated to PPGL. The study included 23 patients and analysis showed a DR of 21.7 % pathogenic variants. LS is the most common inherited cancer syndrome; it is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with a greatly increased risk of developing Colon Rectal cancers and Endometrial cancers. LS is the result of germline pathogenetic variants in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In this clinical and diagnostic pathway, a decisional flow chart was built based on molecular tests and genetic counselling to detect the presence of hereditary mutation in patients. This project aims to detect the presence of hereditary variants early to involve, eventually, patients’ family members in screening and genetic counselling. Patients were tested for microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR deficiency immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Multiple Ligation Probe Assay (MLPA). The results of these preliminary tests showed that 23.6% of patients was Wild Type (WT) and indicated for the NGS test to search for germinal variants by Hereditary Cancer panel (Illumina). The NGS test performed on the selected WT patients showed 20% pathogenic germline variants in MMR genes.
I tumori eredo-familiari insorgono a causa di una mutazione genetica trasmessa dai genitori e ciascun tumore ha il 5-10% di possibilità di avere un’origine ereditaria. Negli ultimi anni, l’applicazione della tecnologia Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) ha facilitato l’analisi attraverso l’utilizzo di pannelli multi genici. La diagnosi precoce del cancro e la consulenza genetica sono fondamentali affinché i pazienti o i parenti a rischio di sviluppare una malattia ereditaria possano conoscere la malattia e la sua trasmissione. Inoltre, la caratterizzazione genetica del paziente potrebbe guidare lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche mirate che agiscano selettivamente su percorsi molecolari alterati. In questa tesi sono analizzate mediante test molecolari varianti genetiche di patologie ereditarie tra cui: Melanoma Familiare (FM), Feocromocitoma e Paraganglioma (PPGL) e Sindrome di Lynch (LS). Il melanoma è un tumore maligno della pelle che deriva dalla trasformazione neoplastica e dalla proliferazione incontrollata dei melanociti. Il FM rappresenta quasi il 10% di questi tumori ed è spesso sotto diagnosticato. Per più di un decennio, solo le varianti nei geni CDKN2A e CDK4, coinvolti nel ciclo cellulare, sono state costantemente associate alla suscettibilità a FM. Negli ultimi anni sono stati identificati altri geni che predispongono al rischio di sviluppare melanoma come POT1, ACD, TERF2IP, TERT, BAP1, MITF, MC1R. Lo studio si propone di valutare l'utilizzo di un pannello NGS custom per la ricerca delle varianti nei pazienti che presentano un fattore genetico predisponente al melanoma e di analizzare la prevalenza delle varianti legate al territorio per avere una stima del rischio più accurata nell'area geografica. L'introduzione dell’analisi NGS per FM ha mostrato una Detection Rate (DR) del 15,07%. Considerando il confronto tra il test NGS e il test Sanger, quest’ultimo ha rivelato avere una sensibilità inferiore al 10% rispetto al pannello. I PPGL sono tumori neuroendocrini che originano dalla cresta neurale e che derivano dalle cellule cromaffini della midollare del surrene e dei paragangli. L'incidenza annuale è di circa due casi per milione, con la massima incidenza tra la terza e la quinta decade di età. I PPGL sono tumori ereditari e circa il 30% dei pazienti presenta una variante germinale in grado di predisporre alla malattia. Questo studio ha utilizzato il pannello NGS Clinical Exome Trusight One Combo (Illumina) per rilevare la presenza di varianti germinali nei geni correlati a PPGL. Lo studio ha incluso 23 pazienti con una DR del 21,7 % di varianti patogenetiche. La LS è la patologia tumorale ereditaria più comune; si tratta di una malattia genetica autosomica dominante associata ad un alto rischio di sviluppare tumori del colon-retto e dell'endometrio. La LS è il risultato di varianti patogenetiche della linea germinale nei geni del DNA Missmatch Repair (MMR). In questo percorso clinico/diagnostico è stata costruita una flow chart decisionale basata su test molecolari e consulenza genetica per rilevare nei pazienti la presenza di varianti ereditarie. L’obiettivo è individuare precocemente la presenza di varianti germinali per coinvolgere nello screening e nella consulenza genetica anche i familiari dei pazienti. I pazienti sospetti sono stati testati per l'instabilità dei microsatelliti (MSI), l'immunoistochimica per il MMR (IHC) e il test Multiple Ligation Probe Assay (MLPA). I risultati di questi primi screening hanno mostrato una corte di pazienti per il 23,6% Wild Type (WT) e indicati per il test NGS per ricercare alterazioni germinali mediante il pannello Hereditary Cancer (Illumina). Il test NGS effettuato sui pazienti WT selezionati ha mostrato il 20 % di varianti germinali patogenetiche nei geni del MMR.
Analisi Genetiche e Molecolari di Tumori Eredo-Familiari / Beatrice Melli , 2024 May 24. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.
Analisi Genetiche e Molecolari di Tumori Eredo-Familiari
MELLI, BEATRICE
2024
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes are a group of diseases that onset due to a genetic mutation transmitted by parents. Each cancer type has a 5-10% possibility of having a hereditary origin. In recent years, the application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology has facilitated multigene panel analysis. Early cancer detection and genetic counselling are essential for patients or relatives at risk of developing a disease with a potential hereditary component to know the nature of the genetic disorder and its transmission. Furthermore, genetic characterization of the patient at the germline level could guide future development of targeted therapeutic strategies that selectively act on altered molecular pathways. In this thesis are analysed genetic variants of hereditary pathologies of Familiar Melanoma (FM), Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma (PPGL) and Lynch Syndrome (LS) using molecular test and sequencing. Melanoma is a malignant skin tumour that results from the neoplastic transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes. FM accounts for nearly 10% of these cancers and it is often underdiagnosed. For more than a decade, only variants in CDKN2A and CDK4 genes had been consistently associated with hereditary melanoma susceptibility. In recent years, other genes predisposing to the risk of developing melanoma have been identified, such as POT1, ACD, TERF2IP, TERT, BAP1, MITF, MC1R. The study aims to evaluate the impact of NGS custom panel in patients that have a genetic factor predisposing to melanoma and to analyse the prevalence of territory-related variants to have a more accurate risk estimation in the geographical area. The introduction of a NGS gene panel for FM as a germline testing strategy for melanoma patients showed a Detection Rate (DR) of 15.07%. If we consider the comparison between the NGS panel test and the Sanger standard test, the latter had less than 10% sensitivity compared to melanoma’s gene panel. PPGLs are neuroendocrine tumours arising from the neural crest and derive from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullary and paraganglia.The annual incidence of these rare tumours is approximately two cases per million, with the highest incidence between the third and fifth decades of age. PPGLs are hereditary tumours with around 30 % of patients that have a germline variant able to predispose to the tumour. It is a rare disease but has a high variability, with different symptoms that are frequently hidden in other clinical conditions. This study used the NGS Clinical Exome Trusight One Combo panel (Illumina) to detect the presence of germline variants in genes correlated to PPGL. The study included 23 patients and analysis showed a DR of 21.7 % pathogenic variants. LS is the most common inherited cancer syndrome; it is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with a greatly increased risk of developing Colon Rectal cancers and Endometrial cancers. LS is the result of germline pathogenetic variants in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In this clinical and diagnostic pathway, a decisional flow chart was built based on molecular tests and genetic counselling to detect the presence of hereditary mutation in patients. This project aims to detect the presence of hereditary variants early to involve, eventually, patients’ family members in screening and genetic counselling. Patients were tested for microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR deficiency immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Multiple Ligation Probe Assay (MLPA). The results of these preliminary tests showed that 23.6% of patients was Wild Type (WT) and indicated for the NGS test to search for germinal variants by Hereditary Cancer panel (Illumina). The NGS test performed on the selected WT patients showed 20% pathogenic germline variants in MMR genes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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