Background Parkinson’s Disease (PD) represents the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD is a heterogeneous disease from genetical point of view, with familiar and sporadic cases. At present 23 genes or loci have been identified, in particular LRKK2 and GBA are the most common variants identified. The diagnosis of PD is mainly based on clinical data supported by bioimaging like brain MRI and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with Ioflupane I123 injection (DaTscan™). The heterogeneous nature of PD and the more recent technological evolvements which allows to quantify biological variables, have brought to new approaches of investigation based on clustering analysis and the identification of biomarkers which allow to predict the progression of the disease. Objectives To perform a deep phenotypic clinic-instrumental characterization of the GBA-PD patients cohort followed at the Movement Disorders Center of the AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Italy, comparing them with a control group of idiopathic PD (IPD) patients in order to detect the presence of significant differences between the two groups and possible biomarkers of disease progression. Methods In this prospective observational study two consecutive cohorts of GBA-PD and I-PD patients were included. The genetic profile was obtained by testing the patients for the presence of 11 pathogenic or likely pathogenic LRKK2 variants and GBA sequences. If negative, a next-generation sequencing panel targeting 68 genes involved in PD was performed. Each consecutive GBA-PD patient has been matched with a 1:1 pairing method with a consecutive I-PD subject according to age, age at disease onset, sex and comorbidity level (CCI). The characterization will be based on several clinical and instrumental data: • Clinical and demographic data, in particular PD motor profile and scales (MOCA, MDS-UPDRS), dopaminergic treatment (Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose[LEDD]), comorbidities (CCI, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events) • Assessment of serum neurosteroids (NSs) • DATSCAN data: quantitative parameters extrapolated using the software DatQUANT™ • Instrumental evaluation of movement carried out using a wearable inertial sensor • Vestibular assessment including video-head impulse test; oculomotor testing; visually enhanced VOR and VOR suppression tests Statistical analyses were performed mainly based on ANOVA, paired t-test, Mann Whitney test, correlations and regression. Results 56 GBA-PD (males: 31; age: 64.48 years; disease duration: 7.46 years, MDS-UPDRS III: 35.29; MoCa: 21.77, CCI: 2.61) and 56 I-PD (age: 64.66 years; disease duration: 7.76 years, MDS-UPDRS III: 28.80; MoCa: 22.73, CCI: 2.47) were included. Compared to I-PD, GBA-PD patients showed more hallucinations and psychosis (p<0.05), higher MDS-UPDRS part III score (p<0.05), higher rigidity (p<0.005) and FOG (p<0.05) subscores. The serum levels of almost all the evaluated NSs were significantly higher in the GBA-PD cohort when compared to I-PD (p<0.05). This finding was associated with a significant correlation between disease duration and 5α-DHP byproducts allopregnanolone (p<0.05, ρ=0.38) and pregnanolone (p<0.01, ρ=0.58), in the GBA-PD cohort. DATSCAN analysis showed lower specific binding ratios (SBR) values in the most affected anterior putamen and left caudate of the GBA-PD. In the GBA-PD cohort the SBR of the most affected posterior putamen negatively correlated with the H&Y scale. Conclusions The analyses conducted so far have identified some clinical, serological and bio-imaging data that could contribute to define a characteristic phenotypic profile for GBA-PD compared to I-PD. Further studies are needed to delve deeper into these findings, adding data from other clinically relevant domains.

Background La Malattia di Parkinson (MP) rappresenta la seconda malattia neurodegenerativa più comune. MP è una patologia eterogenea dal punto di vista genetico, con casi famigliari e sporadici. Al momento sono stati identificati 23 geni o loci legati alla MP, in particolare LRKK2 e GBA sono le varianti più frequenti. La diagnosi è principalmente basata sui dati clinici supportata da bioimmagini tramite la risonanza magnetica cerebrale e la tomografia computerizzata a emissione di singoli fotoni (SPECT) con iniezione di ioflupano I123 (DaTscan™). La natura eterogenea di MP e le più recenti evoluzioni tecnologiche che permettono di identificare variabili biologiche, hanno portato a nuovi approcci di investigazione basati su metodi di clustering e all’identificazione di biomarker che consentono di predire la progressione della malattia. Obiettivi Caratterizzazione clinico-strumentale fenotipica approfondita in una coorte di pazienti MP-GBA seguita dal Centro Disturbi del Movimento dell’AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italia, confrontandola con un gruppo di MP idiopatico (MP-I) in modo da rilevare significative differenze tra i due gruppi e possibili biomarker della progressione della malattia. Metodi In questo studio osservazionale prospettico due coorti consecutive di MP-GBA e MP-I sono state incluse. Il profilo genetico è stato ottenuto tramite test per la presenza di 11 varianti genetiche per le sequenze LRKK2 e GBA. Se negativo, un’analisi di tipo next-generation sequencing è stata condotta per 68 geni noti per essere coinvolti nella MP. Ogni paziente con MP-GBA consecutivo è stato abbinato con un match 1:1 con un paziente consecutivo MP-I secondo età, età all’esordio della malattia, sesso e livello di comorbidità (CCI). La caratterizzazione si è basata su diversi dati clinici e strumentali: • Dati clinici e demografici, in particolare profilo motorio della MP e scale (MOCA, MDS-UPDRS), trattamento dopaminergico (Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose[LEDD]), comorbidità (CCI, eventi cerebrovascolari e cardiovascolari) • Dosaggio di neurosteroidi (NSs) in siero • Dati DATSCAN: parametri quantitativi estrapolati utilizzando il software DatQUANT™ • Valutazione strumentale del movimento con sensori inerziali indossabili • Valutazione vestibolare includendo test video-head impulse; test oculo-motori; test visivi di soppressione e miglioramento del VOR Le analisi statistiche sono state eseguite principalmente con ANOVA, paired t-test, Mann Whitney test, correlazioni e regressioni. Risultati 56 MP-GBA (maschi: 31; età media: 64.48 anni; durata della malattia media: 7.46 anni, MDS-UPDRS III: 35.29; MoCa: 21.77, CCI: 2.61) e 56 MP-I (età media: 64.66 anni; durata della malattia media: 7.76 anni, MDS-UPDRS III: 28.80; MoCa: 22.73, CCI: 2.47) sono stati inclusi. Rispetto ai MP-I, i pazienti con MP-GBA hanno mostrato più allucinazioni e psicosi (p<0.05), un maggior punteggio MDS-UPDRS parte III (p<0.05), una maggiore rigidità (p<0.005) e FOG (p<0.05). I livelli di neurosteroidi valutati nel siero si sono rivelati significativamente più alti nei MP-GBA rispetto ai MP-I (p<0.05). Questo dato era associato ad una significativa correlazione tra la durata della malattia e i livelli di 5α-DHP allopregnanolone (p<0.05, ρ=0.38) e pregnanolone (p<0.01, ρ=0.58) nella coorte di MP-GBA. Le analisi DATSCAN hanno mostrato un valore più basso di specific binding ratio (SBR) nel putamen anteriore più compromesso e il caudato sinistro nei MP-GBA. Nella coorte di MP-GBA il valore SBR del putamen posteriore più compromesso era correlato negativamente con la scala H&Y. Conclusioni Le analisi condotte hanno identificato alcuni dati clinici, sierologici e di bio-immagini che potrebbero contribuire a definire un profilo fenotipico caratteristico per i MP-GBA rispetto ai MP-I. Ulteriori indagini sono necessarie per approfondire questi elementi, aggiungendo rilievi su altri domini clinicamente rilevanti.

FENOTIPIZZAZIONE CLINICO-STRUMENTALE E ANALISI DI BIOMARKER NELL’EVOLUZIONE DI PAZIENTI AFFETTI DA MALATTIA DI PARKINSON / Sara Grisanti , 2024 May 24. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

FENOTIPIZZAZIONE CLINICO-STRUMENTALE E ANALISI DI BIOMARKER NELL’EVOLUZIONE DI PAZIENTI AFFETTI DA MALATTIA DI PARKINSON

GRISANTI, SARA
2024

Abstract

Background Parkinson’s Disease (PD) represents the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD is a heterogeneous disease from genetical point of view, with familiar and sporadic cases. At present 23 genes or loci have been identified, in particular LRKK2 and GBA are the most common variants identified. The diagnosis of PD is mainly based on clinical data supported by bioimaging like brain MRI and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with Ioflupane I123 injection (DaTscan™). The heterogeneous nature of PD and the more recent technological evolvements which allows to quantify biological variables, have brought to new approaches of investigation based on clustering analysis and the identification of biomarkers which allow to predict the progression of the disease. Objectives To perform a deep phenotypic clinic-instrumental characterization of the GBA-PD patients cohort followed at the Movement Disorders Center of the AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Italy, comparing them with a control group of idiopathic PD (IPD) patients in order to detect the presence of significant differences between the two groups and possible biomarkers of disease progression. Methods In this prospective observational study two consecutive cohorts of GBA-PD and I-PD patients were included. The genetic profile was obtained by testing the patients for the presence of 11 pathogenic or likely pathogenic LRKK2 variants and GBA sequences. If negative, a next-generation sequencing panel targeting 68 genes involved in PD was performed. Each consecutive GBA-PD patient has been matched with a 1:1 pairing method with a consecutive I-PD subject according to age, age at disease onset, sex and comorbidity level (CCI). The characterization will be based on several clinical and instrumental data: • Clinical and demographic data, in particular PD motor profile and scales (MOCA, MDS-UPDRS), dopaminergic treatment (Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose[LEDD]), comorbidities (CCI, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events) • Assessment of serum neurosteroids (NSs) • DATSCAN data: quantitative parameters extrapolated using the software DatQUANT™ • Instrumental evaluation of movement carried out using a wearable inertial sensor • Vestibular assessment including video-head impulse test; oculomotor testing; visually enhanced VOR and VOR suppression tests Statistical analyses were performed mainly based on ANOVA, paired t-test, Mann Whitney test, correlations and regression. Results 56 GBA-PD (males: 31; age: 64.48 years; disease duration: 7.46 years, MDS-UPDRS III: 35.29; MoCa: 21.77, CCI: 2.61) and 56 I-PD (age: 64.66 years; disease duration: 7.76 years, MDS-UPDRS III: 28.80; MoCa: 22.73, CCI: 2.47) were included. Compared to I-PD, GBA-PD patients showed more hallucinations and psychosis (p<0.05), higher MDS-UPDRS part III score (p<0.05), higher rigidity (p<0.005) and FOG (p<0.05) subscores. The serum levels of almost all the evaluated NSs were significantly higher in the GBA-PD cohort when compared to I-PD (p<0.05). This finding was associated with a significant correlation between disease duration and 5α-DHP byproducts allopregnanolone (p<0.05, ρ=0.38) and pregnanolone (p<0.01, ρ=0.58), in the GBA-PD cohort. DATSCAN analysis showed lower specific binding ratios (SBR) values in the most affected anterior putamen and left caudate of the GBA-PD. In the GBA-PD cohort the SBR of the most affected posterior putamen negatively correlated with the H&Y scale. Conclusions The analyses conducted so far have identified some clinical, serological and bio-imaging data that could contribute to define a characteristic phenotypic profile for GBA-PD compared to I-PD. Further studies are needed to delve deeper into these findings, adding data from other clinically relevant domains.
CLINICAL-INSTRUMENTAL PHENOTYPING AND BIOMARKERS ANALYSIS IN THE EVOLUTION OF PATIENTS AFFECTED BY PARKINSON’S DISEASE
24-mag-2024
BIAGINI, Giuseppe
VALZANIA, FRANCO
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