Autofluorescence (AF) is the emission of light observed in certain tissues, linked to the presence and arrangement of specific molecules known as fluorophores, which have the ability to absorb and then re-emit light at particular wavelengths. In dysplastic and malignant lesions, both cells and extracellular components may exhibit changes in the quantity, distribution, and physical-chemical properties of these intrinsic fluorophores. Biological tissues can absorb and subsequently re-emit specific light wavelengths, which can be detected using spectrophotometric devices. Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) are among the most common neoplasms worldwide, particularly prevalent in individuals with fair skin. The objective of our research was to investigate the effectiveness of AF in distinguishing between healthy and cancerous tissues, spanning from ex-vivo to in vitro evaluations. The studies that were carried out in this setting are the following: -A pre-clinical ex vivo study was performed in order to investigate the relationship between the intensity of cutaneous autofluorescence (AF) and the histopathological characteristics of malignant and pre-malignant skin lesions, focusing on Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers (NMSCs). An experimental spectrophotometric system was developed to quantitatively and objectively assess the fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence intensity was compared with different histopathological variables (diagnosis, hyperkeratosis, epithelial thickening, fibrosis, elastosis, neovascularization and cellular atypia) in order to identify which were the most relevant features in influencing the fluorescence pattern of the lesion. - A second investigation was conducted to compare the in vitro autofluorescence (AF) emission spectra of squamous carcinoma cells and healthy control cells. SCC154 cells and healthy keratinocytes obtained from pools of donors were used for this purpose. The choice of working on cells rather than tissues was aimed at identifying specific intrinsic autofluorescence characteristics of cancer possibly responsible for AF variations. In addition to AF spectra within the visible spectrum, absorption measurements were also performed. Interestingly, markedly distinctive emission and absorption patterns were detected for healthy control cells pathological cells, due to differences in endogenous chromophores such as FAD, NAD(P)H, lipo-pigments, and porphyrins. -Another comparative in-vitro autofluorescence study was then performed on skin-derived cell lines (either healthy or tumoral) in order to exclude previous results possibly being biased by the heterogeneity of cell sources. Comparative analysis of the autofluorescence from squamous carcinoma cells and healthy human keratinocytes derived from cell lines confirmed distinctive AF characteristics, with control cells exhibiting clear emission patterns associated with typical endogenous chromophores. Our research stresses the importance of autofluorescence (AF) as a potential tool for the detection of skin tumors. Through in vitro assessments, we have demonstrated that AF alterations are detectable both at a cell and at a tissue level in cutaneous neoplasms.

L'autofluorescenza (AF) è l'emissione di luce osservata in certi tessuti, legata alla presenza e all'organizzazione di specifiche molecole chiamate fluorofori, che hanno la capacità di assorbire e poi riemettere luce a lunghezze d'onda particolari. In lesioni displastiche e maligne, sia le cellule che i componenti extracellulari possono mostrare cambiamenti nella quantità, distribuzione e proprietà fisico-chimiche di questi fluorofori intrinseci. I tessuti biologici possono assorbire e successivamente riemettere specifiche lunghezze d'onda luminose, che possono essere rilevate mediante dispositivi spettrofotometrici. Il melanoma e il cancro della pelle non melanoma (NMSC) sono tra le neoplasie più comuni al mondo, particolarmente diffuse nelle persone con pelle chiara. L'obiettivo della nostra ricerca era investigare l'efficacia dell'AF nel distinguere tra tessuti sani e cancerogeni, spaziando dalle valutazioni ex-vivo a quelle in vitro. Gli studi condotti in questo contesto sono i seguenti: È stato effettuato uno studio ex vivo preclinico al fine di investigare la relazione tra l'intensità dell'autofluorescenza cutanea (AF) e le caratteristiche istopatologiche di lesioni cutanee maligne e premaligne, concentrandosi sui tumori della pelle non melanoma (NMSC). È stato sviluppato un sistema spettrofotometrico sperimentale per valutare quantitativamente e oggettivamente l'intensità della fluorescenza. L'intensità della fluorescenza è stata confrontata con diverse variabili istopatologiche (diagnosi, ipercheratosi, ispessimento epiteliale, fibrosi, elastosi, neovascolarizzazione e atipia cellulare) al fine di identificare le caratteristiche più rilevanti che influenzavano il modello di fluorescenza della lesione. Un secondo studio è stato condotto per confrontare gli spettri di emissione dell'autofluorescenza (AF) in vitro delle cellule di carcinoma squamoso e delle cellule di controllo sane. Le cellule SCC154 e i cheratinociti sani ottenuti da gruppi di donatori sono stati utilizzati a questo scopo. La scelta di lavorare sulle cellule piuttosto che sui tessuti mirava a identificare specifiche caratteristiche intrinseche dell'autofluorescenza del cancro responsabili delle variazioni dell'AF. Oltre agli spettri di AF nel campo visibile, sono state eseguite anche misurazioni di assorbimento. In modo interessante, sono stati rilevati schemi di emissione e assorbimento marcatamente distintivi per le cellule di controllo sane e le cellule patologiche, a causa delle differenze nei cromofori endogeni come FAD, NAD(P)H, lipopigmenti e porfirine. Un altro studio comparativo in vitro sull'autofluorescenza è stato quindi condotto su linee cellulari derivate dalla pelle (sane o tumorali) al fine di escludere che i risultati precedenti fossero possibilmente influenzati dall'eterogeneità delle fonti cellulari. L'analisi comparativa dell'autofluorescenza delle cellule di carcinoma squamoso e dei cheratinociti umani sani derivati da linee cellulari ha confermato caratteristiche distintive dell'AF, con le cellule di controllo che mostravano chiari schemi di emissione associati a cromofori endogeni tipici. La nostra ricerca sottolinea l'importanza dell'autofluorescenza (AF) come potenziale strumento per la rilevazione di tumori della pelle. Attraverso valutazioni in vitro, abbiamo dimostrato che le alterazioni dell'AF sono rilevabili sia a livello cellulare che a livello di tessuto nelle neoplasie cutanee.

Autofluorescenza come potenziale strumento diagnostico per i tumori cutanei: dalla valutazione ex-vivo a quella in vitro / Federico Garbarino , 2024 May 24. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Autofluorescenza come potenziale strumento diagnostico per i tumori cutanei: dalla valutazione ex-vivo a quella in vitro

GARBARINO, FEDERICO
2024

Abstract

Autofluorescence (AF) is the emission of light observed in certain tissues, linked to the presence and arrangement of specific molecules known as fluorophores, which have the ability to absorb and then re-emit light at particular wavelengths. In dysplastic and malignant lesions, both cells and extracellular components may exhibit changes in the quantity, distribution, and physical-chemical properties of these intrinsic fluorophores. Biological tissues can absorb and subsequently re-emit specific light wavelengths, which can be detected using spectrophotometric devices. Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) are among the most common neoplasms worldwide, particularly prevalent in individuals with fair skin. The objective of our research was to investigate the effectiveness of AF in distinguishing between healthy and cancerous tissues, spanning from ex-vivo to in vitro evaluations. The studies that were carried out in this setting are the following: -A pre-clinical ex vivo study was performed in order to investigate the relationship between the intensity of cutaneous autofluorescence (AF) and the histopathological characteristics of malignant and pre-malignant skin lesions, focusing on Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers (NMSCs). An experimental spectrophotometric system was developed to quantitatively and objectively assess the fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence intensity was compared with different histopathological variables (diagnosis, hyperkeratosis, epithelial thickening, fibrosis, elastosis, neovascularization and cellular atypia) in order to identify which were the most relevant features in influencing the fluorescence pattern of the lesion. - A second investigation was conducted to compare the in vitro autofluorescence (AF) emission spectra of squamous carcinoma cells and healthy control cells. SCC154 cells and healthy keratinocytes obtained from pools of donors were used for this purpose. The choice of working on cells rather than tissues was aimed at identifying specific intrinsic autofluorescence characteristics of cancer possibly responsible for AF variations. In addition to AF spectra within the visible spectrum, absorption measurements were also performed. Interestingly, markedly distinctive emission and absorption patterns were detected for healthy control cells pathological cells, due to differences in endogenous chromophores such as FAD, NAD(P)H, lipo-pigments, and porphyrins. -Another comparative in-vitro autofluorescence study was then performed on skin-derived cell lines (either healthy or tumoral) in order to exclude previous results possibly being biased by the heterogeneity of cell sources. Comparative analysis of the autofluorescence from squamous carcinoma cells and healthy human keratinocytes derived from cell lines confirmed distinctive AF characteristics, with control cells exhibiting clear emission patterns associated with typical endogenous chromophores. Our research stresses the importance of autofluorescence (AF) as a potential tool for the detection of skin tumors. Through in vitro assessments, we have demonstrated that AF alterations are detectable both at a cell and at a tissue level in cutaneous neoplasms.
AUTOFLUORESCENCE AS A POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR THE DETECTION OF SKIN TUMORS: FROM EX-VIVO TO IN VITRO EVALUATION
24-mag-2024
MAGNONI, Cristina
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1342526
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