Thyroid cancer is one of the most common types of endocrine tumor, reaching the peak of incidence between the age of twenty and fifty years. It has a 4-fold higher prevalence in females than in males, suggesting a role of estrogen and their receptors in thyroid cancer pathogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated allosteric modulation of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on the activity of other receptors, such as follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is structurally similar to FSHR, the aim of this project is to investigate a possible interaction between GPER and TSHR in thyroid cancer. We hypothesized that GPER, or its ligand estradiol (E2), could interact with TSHR, thus acting as a modulator of TSH-TSHR proliferative signals in thyroid cells. To this purpose, experiments were performed using three different cell lines, representative of papillary thyroid carcinoma (K1) and follicular thyroid epithelial (Nthy-ori 3-1), while COS7 was used as a reference cell line. All cell lines were transiently transfected with TSHR- and/or GPER-encoding plasmids to let them express the two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Results obtained from cell line-based experiments were confirmed by analysis on different types of thyroid primary tumor and non-tumor tissues. Briefly, the ability of TSHR and GPER to interact forming heteromers was corroborated by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), in cell lines, and by proximity ligation assay (PLA), in thyroid tissues. Transfected cell lines were treated with 300 nM TSH and 730 pM E2, and the modulation of Gαs and Gαq protein-modulated signalling by GPER and/or E2 was evaluated. Gαs-mediated pathway activation was investigated through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measurement by BRET, while Gαq-mediated pathway through inositol monophosphate (IP1), and calcium ions (Ca2+), by homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF). E2 failed in activating cAMP and IP1/Ca2+ pathways. Instead, GPER expression was linked to Gαq-mediated pathway inhibition, reducing intracellular IP1 and Ca2+ levels. In healthy thyroid tissues, the expression of GPER at the protein level was found, as well as TSHR-GPER heteromers, while no interaction between the two GPCRs was found in tumoral thyroid tissues, since these tissues did not express GPER. These data suggest that GPER, independently from its ligand E2, may play a role in regulating proliferative signals involved in the higher thyroid cancer incidence in women.

Il cancro della tiroide è uno dei tipi più comuni di tumore endocrino, raggiungendo il picco di incidenza tra i venti ed i cinquant’anni. Il cancro alla tiroide ha una prevalenza 4 volte maggiore nelle donne rispetto agli uomini, suggerendo un ruolo degli estrogeni e dei loro recettori nella sua patogenesi. Precedenti studi hanno dimostrato la modulazione allosterica del recettore degli estrogeni accoppiato alle proteine G (GPER) sull’attività di altri recettori, come il recettore dell’ormone follicolo-stimolante (FSHR). Poiché il recettore dell'ormone stimolante la tiroide (TSHR) è strutturalmente simile all'FSHR, lo scopo di questo progetto è quello di indagare una possibile interazione tra GPER e TSHR nel cancro della tiroide. Abbiamo ipotizzato che il GPER, o il suo ligando estradiolo (E2), potesse interagire con il TSHR, agendo così come un modulatore dei segnali proliferativi derivanti dal legame dell’ormone stimolante la tiroide (TSH) al suo recettore TSHR nelle cellule tiroidee. A questo scopo, gli esperimenti sono stati eseguiti utilizzando tre diverse linee cellulari, rappresentative del carcinoma papillare della tiroide (K1) e dell'epitelio follicolare della tiroide (Nthy-ori 3-1), mentre COS7 è stata utilizzata come linea cellulare di riferimento. Tutte le linee cellulari sono state sottoposte a trasfezione transiente con plasmidi codificanti TSHR e/o GPER per consentire loro di esprimere i due recettori accoppiati a proteine G (GPCR). I risultati ottenuti dagli esperimenti basati sulle linee cellulari sono stati confermati dall'analisi su diversi tipi di tumori primari e tessuti non tumorali della tiroide. In breve, la capacità di TSHR e GPER di interagire formando eteromeri è stata confermata dall’analisi bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET), nelle linee cellulari, e dal saggio proximity ligation assay (PLA), nei tessuti tiroidei. Le linee cellulari trasfettate sono state trattate con TSH 300 nM e E2 730 pM ed è stata valutata la modulazione della segnalazione mediata dalle proteine Gαs e Gαq da parte di GPER e/o E2. L'attivazione della via mediata dalla Gαs è stata studiata attraverso la misurazione dell'adenosina monofosfato ciclica (cAMP) mediante BRET, mentre la via mediata dalla Gαq attraverso l'inositolo monofosfato (IP1) e gli ioni calcio (Ca2+), mediante il saggio homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF). E2 ha fallito nell’attivare le pathway che coinvolgono cAMP e IP1/Ca2+. Invece, l’espressione di GPER ha portato all’inibizione della via mediata da Gαq, riducendo i livelli intracellulari di IP1 e Ca2+. Nei tessuti tiroidei sani è stata riscontrata l'espressione di GPER a livello proteico e di eteromeri TSHR-GPER, mentre non è stata riscontrata alcuna interazione tra i due GPCR nei tessuti tiroidei tumorali, poiché questi tessuti non esprimono GPER. Questi dati suggeriscono che il GPER, indipendentemente dal suo ligando E2, possa svolgere un ruolo nella regolazione dei segnali proliferativi coinvolti nella maggiore incidenza di cancro alla tiroide nelle donne.

Cross-interazione tra gli ormoni glicoproteici ipofisari e i loro recettori in cellule tiroidee / Sara D'alessandro , 2024 May 24. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Cross-interazione tra gli ormoni glicoproteici ipofisari e i loro recettori in cellule tiroidee

D'ALESSANDRO, SARA
2024

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common types of endocrine tumor, reaching the peak of incidence between the age of twenty and fifty years. It has a 4-fold higher prevalence in females than in males, suggesting a role of estrogen and their receptors in thyroid cancer pathogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated allosteric modulation of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on the activity of other receptors, such as follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is structurally similar to FSHR, the aim of this project is to investigate a possible interaction between GPER and TSHR in thyroid cancer. We hypothesized that GPER, or its ligand estradiol (E2), could interact with TSHR, thus acting as a modulator of TSH-TSHR proliferative signals in thyroid cells. To this purpose, experiments were performed using three different cell lines, representative of papillary thyroid carcinoma (K1) and follicular thyroid epithelial (Nthy-ori 3-1), while COS7 was used as a reference cell line. All cell lines were transiently transfected with TSHR- and/or GPER-encoding plasmids to let them express the two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Results obtained from cell line-based experiments were confirmed by analysis on different types of thyroid primary tumor and non-tumor tissues. Briefly, the ability of TSHR and GPER to interact forming heteromers was corroborated by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), in cell lines, and by proximity ligation assay (PLA), in thyroid tissues. Transfected cell lines were treated with 300 nM TSH and 730 pM E2, and the modulation of Gαs and Gαq protein-modulated signalling by GPER and/or E2 was evaluated. Gαs-mediated pathway activation was investigated through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) measurement by BRET, while Gαq-mediated pathway through inositol monophosphate (IP1), and calcium ions (Ca2+), by homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF). E2 failed in activating cAMP and IP1/Ca2+ pathways. Instead, GPER expression was linked to Gαq-mediated pathway inhibition, reducing intracellular IP1 and Ca2+ levels. In healthy thyroid tissues, the expression of GPER at the protein level was found, as well as TSHR-GPER heteromers, while no interaction between the two GPCRs was found in tumoral thyroid tissues, since these tissues did not express GPER. These data suggest that GPER, independently from its ligand E2, may play a role in regulating proliferative signals involved in the higher thyroid cancer incidence in women.
Cross-interaction between pituitary glycoprotein hormones and their receptors in thyroid cells
24-mag-2024
CASARINI, Livio
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1342446
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