Myelofibrosis (MF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by inflammation, bone marrow fibrosis, stem cell mobilization and extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH). In MF patients, EMH often results in splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, which affect life quality, and supports systemic spreading of neoplastic clones. Despite the clinical need, little is known about EMH. Some studies highlight the importance of the monocyte/macrophage axis in EMH: the removal of macrophages in a JAK2 mutated mouse model resulted in a reduction of splenomegaly. Moreover, CD14+ mutated monocytes, migrating from peripheral blood into the spleen, could create an inflammatory milieu that recruits CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to block the extravasation of monocytes and then CD34+ cells to reduce EMH. We generated an in vitro model of extravasation with a Transwell system and an endothelial layer with HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). HUVEC were seeded on a upside down Transwell and treated overnight with the pro-inflammatory stimuli TNF-⍺ to create an activated endothelial layer in vitro. After immunomagnetic purification, CD14+ or CD34+ cells were seeded on the Transwell with HUVEC; after an overnight incubation, the cells in the bottom chamber were collected and counted by means of flow cytometer. An anti-CD44 antibody and, to a lesser extent, an anti-⍺4β1 antibody significantly reduce migration of healthy donor (HD) monocytes. At the highest dose, the anti-CD44 antibody caused a complete absence of migration. The role of the inflamed endothelium is important in the inhibition of CD14+ cell migration induced by the antibody against CD44 but not for the anti-⍺4β1 antibody: the reduction in migration is always greater in presence of the endothelium, supporting the idea that an anti-CD44 antibody inhibits not only the extravasation of monocytes but also the recall by the inflamed endothelium. Regarding CD34+ cells, a small reduction in migration is observed on HD cells, but the effect is evident on MF CD34+ cells, with a 25% reduction at the highest dose. Furthermore, the comparison between the reduction in migration for HD cells and MF cells is statistically significant, indicating that MF CD34+ cells are more sensitive to the anti-CD44 antibody inhibition. Anti-CD44 antibody can reduce the migration of CD14+ and CD34+ cells. To a lesser extent, anti-⍺4β1 antibody was also able to reduce the migration of CD14+ cells; interestingly, this integrin is capable of coupling to CD44. These results pave the way for in vivo testing of the anti-CD44 antibody in MF murine model obtained through the administration of a thrombopoietin agonist that activate JAK-STAT pathway. Ruxolitinib, a JAK2-inhibitor used in MF patients to alleviate symptoms, is unable to reduce cell migration in this in vitro model; therefore, the inhibition of splenomegaly observed in patients during Ruxolitinib treatment would be due to different mechanisms, probably linked to the reduction of inflammatory cytokines. This CD44-based approach could be considered in combination with JAK2-inhibitor to counteract EMH. Antibodies against CD44 has the potential to be easily translated into the clinic because two clinical trials demonstrated the safety of anti-CD44 antibodies in acute myeloid leukemia and in solid tumors.

La mielofibrosi (MF) è una neoplasia mieloproliferativa cronica caratterizzata da infiammazione, fibrosi del midollo osseo, mobilizzazione delle cellule staminali ed emopoiesi extramidollare (EMH). Nei pazienti con MF, l’EMH provoca splenomegalia ed epatomegalia, che influiscono sulla qualità della vita e supportano la diffusione sistemica di cloni neoplastici. Nonostante l’esigenza clinica, i meccanismi alla base della EMH sono poco conosciuti. Alcuni studi hanno dimostrato l’importanza dell’asse monociti/macrofagi nell’EMH poiché la rimozione dei macrofagi in un modello murino JAK2-mutato comporta una riduzione della splenomegalia. I monociti mutati CD14+, che migrano dal sangue periferico alla milza, potrebbero creare un microambiente infiammatorio che recluta cellule staminali e progenitori ematopoietici CD34+. Pertanto, lo scopo di questo studio è bloccare l’extravasazione dei monociti e di conseguenza cellule CD34+ per ridurre l’EMH. Abbiamo generato un modello in vitro di extravasazione con un sistema Transwell e uno strato di HUVEC (cellule endoteliali umane provenienti dalla vena ombelicale). Le HUVEC sono state seminate su Transwell capovolti e stimolate overnight con TNF-⍺ per creare in vitro un endotelio attivato. Dopo purificazione immunomagnetica, le cellule CD14+ o CD34+ sono state seminate sul Transwell; dopo un’incubazione overnight, le cellule migrate nella camera inferiore sono state raccolte e contate mediante citometria a flusso. Il trattamento con un anticorpo anti-CD44 e, in misura minore, con un anticorpo anti-⍺4β1, hanno ridotto significativamente la migrazione dei monociti da donatore sano (HD). Alla dose più alta, l’anticorpo anti-CD44 ha causato una completa assenza di migrazione. Il ruolo dell’endotelio infiammato è importante nell’inibizione della migrazione delle cellule CD14+ indotta dall’anticorpo contro CD44. La riduzione della migrazione è risultata maggiore in presenza dell’endotelio, supportando l’idea che un anticorpo anti-CD44 inibisca non solo l’extravasazione di monociti ma anche il loro richiamo da parte dell’endotelio attivato. Per quanto riguarda le cellule CD34+, abbiamo osservato solo una piccola riduzione della migrazione delle cellule di HD, ma l’effetto è risultato molto evidente nelle cellule di MF, con una riduzione del 25% alla dose più alta. Inoltre, il confronto tra la riduzione della migrazione per le cellule HD e per le cellule MF CD34+ è statisticamente significativo, suggerendo che le cellule MF sono più sensibili all’inibizione da parte dell’anticorpo anti-CD44. Complessivamente, i risultati dimostrano che un anticorpo anti-CD44 può ridurre la migrazione delle cellule CD14+ e CD34+. In misura minore, un anticorpo contro ⍺4β1 ha ridotto la migrazione delle cellule CD14+; è interessante notare che questa integrina è in grado di accoppiarsi fisicamente con CD44. Questi risultati aprono la strada alla sperimentazione in vivo dell’anticorpo anti-CD44 in un modello murino di malattia ottenuto attraverso il trattamento con un agonista del recettore della trombopoietina che attiva la via JAK-STAT. Ruxolitinib, un inibitore di JAK2 utilizzato nei pazienti con MF per alleviare i sintomi, non è in grado di ridurre la migrazione cellulare in questo modello in vitro; pertanto, l’inibizione della splenomegalia osservata nei pazienti durante il trattamento con Ruxolitinib sarebbe dovuta a un meccanismo diverso, probabilmente legato alla riduzione delle citochine infiammatorie. Questo approccio basato su CD44 potrebbe essere preso in considerazione in combinazione con inibitori di JAK2 per contrastare l’EMH. Inoltre, gli anticorpi anti-CD44 sarebbero facilmente traslabili in clinica perché due studi clinici hanno dimostrato la loro sicurezza in leucemia mieloide acuta e tumori solidi.

L’inibizione della migrazione di cellule CD14+ e CD34+ con un anticorpo anti-CD44 come nuovo approccio terapeutico per contrastare l’emopoiesi extramidollare in pazienti con mielofibrosi / Margherita Mirabile , 2024 May 22. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

L’inibizione della migrazione di cellule CD14+ e CD34+ con un anticorpo anti-CD44 come nuovo approccio terapeutico per contrastare l’emopoiesi extramidollare in pazienti con mielofibrosi

MIRABILE, MARGHERITA
2024

Abstract

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by inflammation, bone marrow fibrosis, stem cell mobilization and extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH). In MF patients, EMH often results in splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, which affect life quality, and supports systemic spreading of neoplastic clones. Despite the clinical need, little is known about EMH. Some studies highlight the importance of the monocyte/macrophage axis in EMH: the removal of macrophages in a JAK2 mutated mouse model resulted in a reduction of splenomegaly. Moreover, CD14+ mutated monocytes, migrating from peripheral blood into the spleen, could create an inflammatory milieu that recruits CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to block the extravasation of monocytes and then CD34+ cells to reduce EMH. We generated an in vitro model of extravasation with a Transwell system and an endothelial layer with HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). HUVEC were seeded on a upside down Transwell and treated overnight with the pro-inflammatory stimuli TNF-⍺ to create an activated endothelial layer in vitro. After immunomagnetic purification, CD14+ or CD34+ cells were seeded on the Transwell with HUVEC; after an overnight incubation, the cells in the bottom chamber were collected and counted by means of flow cytometer. An anti-CD44 antibody and, to a lesser extent, an anti-⍺4β1 antibody significantly reduce migration of healthy donor (HD) monocytes. At the highest dose, the anti-CD44 antibody caused a complete absence of migration. The role of the inflamed endothelium is important in the inhibition of CD14+ cell migration induced by the antibody against CD44 but not for the anti-⍺4β1 antibody: the reduction in migration is always greater in presence of the endothelium, supporting the idea that an anti-CD44 antibody inhibits not only the extravasation of monocytes but also the recall by the inflamed endothelium. Regarding CD34+ cells, a small reduction in migration is observed on HD cells, but the effect is evident on MF CD34+ cells, with a 25% reduction at the highest dose. Furthermore, the comparison between the reduction in migration for HD cells and MF cells is statistically significant, indicating that MF CD34+ cells are more sensitive to the anti-CD44 antibody inhibition. Anti-CD44 antibody can reduce the migration of CD14+ and CD34+ cells. To a lesser extent, anti-⍺4β1 antibody was also able to reduce the migration of CD14+ cells; interestingly, this integrin is capable of coupling to CD44. These results pave the way for in vivo testing of the anti-CD44 antibody in MF murine model obtained through the administration of a thrombopoietin agonist that activate JAK-STAT pathway. Ruxolitinib, a JAK2-inhibitor used in MF patients to alleviate symptoms, is unable to reduce cell migration in this in vitro model; therefore, the inhibition of splenomegaly observed in patients during Ruxolitinib treatment would be due to different mechanisms, probably linked to the reduction of inflammatory cytokines. This CD44-based approach could be considered in combination with JAK2-inhibitor to counteract EMH. Antibodies against CD44 has the potential to be easily translated into the clinic because two clinical trials demonstrated the safety of anti-CD44 antibodies in acute myeloid leukemia and in solid tumors.
The inhibition of CD14+ and CD34+ cell migration with anti-CD44 antibody as a new therapeutic approach to counteract extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis patients
22-mag-2024
RONTAUROLI, SEBASTIANO
MANFREDINI, Rossella
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