Dental pulp is generally considered a source of mesenchymal stromal cells (hDPSCs) arising from migrating neural crest progenitors and characterized by the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Although their regenerative capacities have been widely investigated, recent evidence have revealed that hDPSCs are also able to modulate the immune response. This key feature plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis as hDPSCs contribute to tissue regeneration by exerting their immunomodulatory properties. Although the mechanisms orchestrating hDPSCs immunoregulatory functions are under intense investigation, they are likely mediated by soluble factors and cell contact-dependent mechanisms arising after the onset of an inflammatory process. Among direct and indirect mechanisms implicated, we have previously demonstrated that Fas/FasL and PD1/PD-L1 pathways play a key role in driving hDPSCs immunomodulatory potential. Moreover, the broad variety of proinflammatory molecules secreted during the inflammatory process was downregulated by hDPSCs, except for IL6 whose levels were increased. The upregulation and extracellular release of IL6 was demonstrated to be directly led by these stromal cells, suggesting a potential functional role in hDPSCs themselves. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to delve into the mechanisms of hDPSC-based immunomodulation by focusing on PD1/PD-L1 pathway and its potential correlation with IL6 pathway. To this purpose, hDPSCs were exposed to inflammatory conditions mimicked in vitro by direct and indirect co-cultures with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28 (aPBMCs). The evaluation of PD-L1 and FasL expression in hDPSCs after co-culture revealed that soluble mediators mainly trigger the upregulation of PD-L1, whereas FasL expression mostly relies on cell-cell contact mechanisms. Interestingly, the proinflammatory milieu also induced an upregulation of IL6 in hDPSCs, that turned out to be correlated with PD-L1 expression. The activation of IL6 transsignalling in hDPSCs induced an increased expression of PD-L1 that was counteracted by using a specific IL6R inhibitor. Overall, our findings suggest that the IL6 produced by hDPSCs holds a functional role in enhancing their PD-L1-mediated immunomodulatory potential, likely acting in an autocrine manner. Based on the immunological relevance of IL6/PD-L1 axis, we further evaluated its tissue specificity by considering a site of immune-mediated events, such as joint tissue. Indeed, it is well-known its involvement in the pathogenesis of different immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, as occurs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Many studies have identified synovial fibroblasts (SFs) as key players of RA pathogenesis and IL6 as a key cytokine in driving their pathogenic transformation. Therefore, we investigated the role of IL6/PD-L1 axis on synovial fibroblasts isolated from both healthy subjects (hSFs) and RA patients (RA hSFs), as well as on synovium from mice with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Our data confirmed the effects of proinflammatory cytokines in triggering the upregulation of both PD-L1 and IL6, but not FasL, in hSFs. Moreover, the IL6-activated hSFs showed an increased expression of PD-L1, supporting its role in promoting the immunomodulatory functions of hSFs. Intriguingly, the upregulated levels of PD-L1 detected in RA hSFs when compared to hSFs were further enhanced upon IL6/sIL6R treatment, thus confirming the effects of IL6 in inducing PD-L1 expression also in RA hSFs. These transformed SFs likely retain the ability to upregulate PDL1 also in vivo, as suggested by the increased PD-L1 expression detected in the mouse immune-mediated synovitis.

La polpa dentale è considerata una risorsa di cellule stromali mesenchimali (hDPSCs) di origine neuroectomesenchimale in grado di differenziare verso i lineages osteogenico, condrogenico e adipogenico. Sebbene le loro proprietà rigenerative siano state ampiamente caratterizzate, recenti studi hanno evidenziato che le hDPSCs godono anche di proprietà immunomodulatorie attraverso cui sono in grado di contribuire alla rigenerazione tissutale. Infatti, in seguito all’instaurarsi di un processo infiammatorio i meccanismi alla base delle funzioni immunoregolatorie delle hDPSCs sono principalmente mediati dal rilascio di fattori solubili o dal contatto diretto cellula-cellula. A tal proposito, è stato precedentemente dimostrato dal nostro gruppo di ricerca che i pathways di Fas/FasL e PD1/PD-L1 esercitano un ruolo chiave nel guidare il potenziale immunomodulatorio delle hDPSCs. Inoltre, è stato dimostrato come queste cellule siano anche in grado di down-regolare le molecole proinfiammatorie secrete durante il processo infiammatorio, tranne IL6. Infatti, il suo aumentato rilascio è principalmente dovuto al contributo delle hDPSCs suggerendo un suo potenziale ruolo funzionale sulle stesse cellule. Pertanto, lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di investigare i meccanismi molecolari alla base delle loro proprietà immunomodulatorie, con particolare riguardo al pathway di PD1/PD-L1 e alla sua potenziale correlazione con il pathway di IL6. A tal fine, il microambiente infiammatorio è stato mimato in vitro attraverso co-colture dirette e indirette tra hDPSCs e cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico attivate per CD3 e CD28 (aPBMCs). I risultati indicano che i fattori solubili inducono principalmente una upregolazione di PD-L1 nelle hDPSCs dopo co-coltura indiretta, mentre l’espressione di FasL viene indotta soprattutto in seguito al contatto diretto cellula-cellula. Nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali, è stata osservata una up-regolazione di IL6 nelle hDPSCs stesse, il cui andamento è correlato a quello di PD-L1. Pertanto, al fine di valutare il ruolo potenziale di IL6 nel guidare l’espressione di PD-L1, il trans-signalling pathway di IL6 è stato attivato nelle hDPSCs inducendo un’aumentata espressione di PD-L1, che viene parzialmente revertita in presenza di uno specifico inibitore del recettore di IL6. Complessivamente, è possibile concludere che IL6 prodotta dalle hDPSCs esercita un ruolo funzionale nel potenziare le loro proprietà immunomodulatorie mediate da PD-L1, presumibilmente attraverso un meccanismo autocrino. Data la rilevanza immunologica dell’asse IL6/PD-L1, è stata anche valutata la sua specificità tissutale prendendo in considerazione il tessuto sinoviale, in quanto sede di eventi immunomediati. Infatti, è risaputo il suo coinvolgimento nella patogenesi di malattie infiammatorie croniche, come l’artrite reumatoide (RA). Molti studi hanno identificato i fibroblasti sinoviali (SFs) e IL6 come elementi chiave nel guidare la patogenesi di RA. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, è stato valutato il ruolo dell’asse IL6/PD-L1 su SFs isolati da donatori sani (hSFs) e pazienti affetti da RA (RA hSFs), nonché nella sinovia di un modello murino di artrite infiammatoria. I risultati ottenuti confermano gli effetti delle citochine pro-infiammatorie nell’induzione sia di PD-L1 che di IL6, ma non di FasL, negli hSFs. Inoltre, l’attivazione del pathway di IL6 in queste cellule induce un’aumentata espressione di PD-L1, confermando il suo ruolo nel promuovere le proprietà immunomodulatorie degli hSFs. Gli RA hSFs presentano un’aumentata espressione di PD-L1 rispetto agli hSFs, che viene ulteriormente potenziata dopo l’attivazione del pathway di IL6. Questi fibroblasti sembrano mantenere l’upregolazione di PD-L1 anche in vivo, come suggerito dall’aumentata espressione di PD-L1 osservata nella sinovite immuno-mediata.

Ruolo di IL6 nelle proprietà immunomodulatorie mediate da PD-L1 delle cellule stromali della polpa dentale e dei fibroblasti sinoviali / Rosanna Di Tinco , 2024 May 22. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Ruolo di IL6 nelle proprietà immunomodulatorie mediate da PD-L1 delle cellule stromali della polpa dentale e dei fibroblasti sinoviali

DI TINCO, ROSANNA
2024

Abstract

Dental pulp is generally considered a source of mesenchymal stromal cells (hDPSCs) arising from migrating neural crest progenitors and characterized by the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Although their regenerative capacities have been widely investigated, recent evidence have revealed that hDPSCs are also able to modulate the immune response. This key feature plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis as hDPSCs contribute to tissue regeneration by exerting their immunomodulatory properties. Although the mechanisms orchestrating hDPSCs immunoregulatory functions are under intense investigation, they are likely mediated by soluble factors and cell contact-dependent mechanisms arising after the onset of an inflammatory process. Among direct and indirect mechanisms implicated, we have previously demonstrated that Fas/FasL and PD1/PD-L1 pathways play a key role in driving hDPSCs immunomodulatory potential. Moreover, the broad variety of proinflammatory molecules secreted during the inflammatory process was downregulated by hDPSCs, except for IL6 whose levels were increased. The upregulation and extracellular release of IL6 was demonstrated to be directly led by these stromal cells, suggesting a potential functional role in hDPSCs themselves. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to delve into the mechanisms of hDPSC-based immunomodulation by focusing on PD1/PD-L1 pathway and its potential correlation with IL6 pathway. To this purpose, hDPSCs were exposed to inflammatory conditions mimicked in vitro by direct and indirect co-cultures with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28 (aPBMCs). The evaluation of PD-L1 and FasL expression in hDPSCs after co-culture revealed that soluble mediators mainly trigger the upregulation of PD-L1, whereas FasL expression mostly relies on cell-cell contact mechanisms. Interestingly, the proinflammatory milieu also induced an upregulation of IL6 in hDPSCs, that turned out to be correlated with PD-L1 expression. The activation of IL6 transsignalling in hDPSCs induced an increased expression of PD-L1 that was counteracted by using a specific IL6R inhibitor. Overall, our findings suggest that the IL6 produced by hDPSCs holds a functional role in enhancing their PD-L1-mediated immunomodulatory potential, likely acting in an autocrine manner. Based on the immunological relevance of IL6/PD-L1 axis, we further evaluated its tissue specificity by considering a site of immune-mediated events, such as joint tissue. Indeed, it is well-known its involvement in the pathogenesis of different immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, as occurs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Many studies have identified synovial fibroblasts (SFs) as key players of RA pathogenesis and IL6 as a key cytokine in driving their pathogenic transformation. Therefore, we investigated the role of IL6/PD-L1 axis on synovial fibroblasts isolated from both healthy subjects (hSFs) and RA patients (RA hSFs), as well as on synovium from mice with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Our data confirmed the effects of proinflammatory cytokines in triggering the upregulation of both PD-L1 and IL6, but not FasL, in hSFs. Moreover, the IL6-activated hSFs showed an increased expression of PD-L1, supporting its role in promoting the immunomodulatory functions of hSFs. Intriguingly, the upregulated levels of PD-L1 detected in RA hSFs when compared to hSFs were further enhanced upon IL6/sIL6R treatment, thus confirming the effects of IL6 in inducing PD-L1 expression also in RA hSFs. These transformed SFs likely retain the ability to upregulate PDL1 also in vivo, as suggested by the increased PD-L1 expression detected in the mouse immune-mediated synovitis.
IL6 drives PD-L1-mediated immunomodulatory properties of human dental pulp stromal cells and synovial fibroblasts
22-mag-2024
CARNEVALE, Gianluca
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