The housefly Musca domestica is problematic pest on livestock. This study aims to explore sustainable solutions to manage fly populations in Parmigiano Reggiano dairy farms. The conventional management method, primarily based on chemical control, has led to the emergence of resistant fly strains. Session 1 of the research examined the impact of imidacloprid, a common insecticide, on behaviors involved in chemical resistance of houseflies. Despite periodic releases of pupal parasitoids into organic farms, no investigation has ever been conducted on the efficacy and distribution of these species. The dynamics of fly and parasitoid populations were therefore analyzed, with a comparison among populations in conventional and organic dairy farms (session 2). In addition, studies were conducted on the genetic analysis and behavioral patterns of various native and marketed parasitoid species analyzing the success rate in parasitizing over prolonged (session 3) and short periods (session 4). Session 1 examined the houseflies' responses exposed at different imidacloprid concentrations, focusing on the role of tarsi and proboscis in the resistance mechanism. Both susceptible and resistant adult houseflies were subjected to different imidacloprid concentrations, and their proboscis extension response (PER) was monitored. Female houseflies underwent tarsal and proboscis contact assays. The results showed no differences in PER responses in the tarsal contact assay. However, the responses varied in the proboscis contact test. This suggests that the proboscis sensory system could be implicated in resistant fly strains. In (2), M. domestica and its pupal parasitoids were investigated across five farms in the Emilia-Romagna region. The farms shared similar characteristics except for their management: three farms were organic, two conventional. Houseflies were monitored through adhesive rollers in both the calf and manure areas and parasitoid emergence from housefly pupae were recorded weekly. Results show that the infestation patterns and parasitoid populations were impacted by environmental factors, management practices, and the areas analyzed. In (3), the relationship between age and parasitization patterns of the parasitoids Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax zaraptor were examined. Fertilized parasitoid females were exposed to fresh pupae daily for 14 days and compared with unperturbed pupae. Results showed that S. cameroni had a higher percentage of parasitization, while M. zaraptor showed a sharp decline after day 12. Both parasitoids reduced the emergence of new house flies. In (4), the parasitization performance of commercial and wild populations of pupal parasitoid species (Muscidifurax sp, Spalangia sp, Nasonia vitripennis) were compared. Isolated lines were established for each species and population, and samples were identified for taxonomic and molecular analysis. Their parasitization activities were observed and recorded over a 4-hour period. No variation in parasitization was observed at the population level. The study revealed the presence of some parasitoid species that had never been released before in the study area. The excessive use of insecticides has worsened flies' resistance and reduced the presence of natural antagonists, resulting in a significant decrease in parasitoid effectiveness in these environments. This research enhances understanding of parasitoid species biology and behavior, improving biocontrol effectiveness in sustainable house flies management through optimized release and combination strategies.

Musca domestica è un infestante problematico per il bestiame. Questo studio si propone di esplorare soluzioni sostenibili per gestire le popolazioni di mosca negli allevamenti per la produzione del Parmigiano Reggiano. La gestione convenzionale, incentrata principalmente sul controllo chimico, ha favorito la comparsa di ceppi resistenti di mosca. La sessione 1 ha esaminato l’impatto dell’insetticida imidacloprid sul comportamento delle mosche domestiche. Nonostante i rilasci periodici di parassitoidi pupali nelle aziende biologiche, non è mai stata condotta alcuna indagine sull'efficacia e sulla distribuzione di queste specie. Sono state quindi analizzate e confrontate le dinamiche delle popolazioni di mosche e parassitoidi nelle aziende convenzionali e biologiche (sessione 2). Inoltre, sono stati condotti studi sulla genetica e sul comportamento di varie specie di parassitoidi autoctoni e commercializzati, valutando il tasso di successo della parassitizzazione per periodi prolungati (sessione 3) e brevi (sessione 4). La sessione 1 ha esaminato l'impatto di diverse concentrazioni di imidacloprid sulle risposte delle mosche, concentrandosi sui tarsi e sulla proboscide nel meccanismo di resistenza. Mosche adulte, sia sensibili che resistenti, sono state sottoposte a diverse concentrazioni di imidacloprid ed è stata monitorata la risposta dell'estensione della proboscide (PER). Le femmine sono state sottoposte ad un test di contatto tarsale e uno con la proboscide. Le risposte variavano solo nel test di contatto con la proboscide. Ciò suggerisce che il sistema sensoriale della proboscide potrebbe essere coinvolto nei ceppi resistenti di mosca. In (2), M. domestica e i suoi parassitoidi pupali sono stati monitorati in cinque aziende dell'Emilia-Romagna con caratteristiche simili, tranne che per la gestione: tre aziende erano biologiche, due convenzionali. Le mosche domestiche sono state monitorate attraverso rulli adesivi nelle aree di allevamento dei vitelli e del letame e l'emergenza dei parassitoidi dalle pupe di mosca è stata registrata settimanalmente. I risultati mostrano che le popolazioni di mosche e parassitoidi sono state influenzate da fattori ambientali, pratiche di gestione e aree analizzate. In (3), è stata esaminata la relazione tra età e il tasso di parassitizzazione di Spalangia cameroni e Muscidifurax zaraptor. Le femmine fertilizzate dei parassitoidi sono state esposte a pupe fresche ogni giorno per 14 giorni e confrontate con pupe non disturbate. I risultati hanno mostrato che S. cameroni ha avuto una percentuale maggiore di parassitizzazione, mentre M. zaraptor ha mostrato un netto calo dopo il 12° giorno. Entrambi i parassitoidi hanno ridotto la comparsa di nuove mosche domestiche. In (4), sono state confrontate le prestazioni di parassitizzazione di popolazioni commerciali e selvatiche di specie di parassitoidi pupali (Muscidifurax sp, Spalangia sp, Nasonia vitripennis). Per ogni specie e popolazione sono state create linee isolate e sono stati identificate con l'analisi tassonomica e molecolare. Le loro attività di parassitizzazione sono state osservate e registrate per 4 ore. Non è stata osservata alcuna variazione nella parassitizzazione a livello di popolazione. Lo studio ha rivelato la presenza di alcune specie di parassitoidi mai rilasciate prima nell'area di studio. L'uso eccessivo di insetticidi ha incrementato la resistenza delle mosche e ridotto la presenza di antagonisti naturali, con una conseguente diminuzione dell’efficacia dei parassitoidi in questi ambienti. Questa ricerca approfondisce la comprensione della biologia e del comportamento delle specie di parassitoidi, migliorando l'efficacia del biocontrollo nella gestione sostenibile delle mosche domestiche ottimizzando le strategie di rilascio.

Strategie innovative per un controllo sostenibile di Musca domestica nelle aziende zootecniche / Sara D'arco , 2024 Apr 08. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Strategie innovative per un controllo sostenibile di Musca domestica nelle aziende zootecniche

D'ARCO, SARA
2024

Abstract

The housefly Musca domestica is problematic pest on livestock. This study aims to explore sustainable solutions to manage fly populations in Parmigiano Reggiano dairy farms. The conventional management method, primarily based on chemical control, has led to the emergence of resistant fly strains. Session 1 of the research examined the impact of imidacloprid, a common insecticide, on behaviors involved in chemical resistance of houseflies. Despite periodic releases of pupal parasitoids into organic farms, no investigation has ever been conducted on the efficacy and distribution of these species. The dynamics of fly and parasitoid populations were therefore analyzed, with a comparison among populations in conventional and organic dairy farms (session 2). In addition, studies were conducted on the genetic analysis and behavioral patterns of various native and marketed parasitoid species analyzing the success rate in parasitizing over prolonged (session 3) and short periods (session 4). Session 1 examined the houseflies' responses exposed at different imidacloprid concentrations, focusing on the role of tarsi and proboscis in the resistance mechanism. Both susceptible and resistant adult houseflies were subjected to different imidacloprid concentrations, and their proboscis extension response (PER) was monitored. Female houseflies underwent tarsal and proboscis contact assays. The results showed no differences in PER responses in the tarsal contact assay. However, the responses varied in the proboscis contact test. This suggests that the proboscis sensory system could be implicated in resistant fly strains. In (2), M. domestica and its pupal parasitoids were investigated across five farms in the Emilia-Romagna region. The farms shared similar characteristics except for their management: three farms were organic, two conventional. Houseflies were monitored through adhesive rollers in both the calf and manure areas and parasitoid emergence from housefly pupae were recorded weekly. Results show that the infestation patterns and parasitoid populations were impacted by environmental factors, management practices, and the areas analyzed. In (3), the relationship between age and parasitization patterns of the parasitoids Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax zaraptor were examined. Fertilized parasitoid females were exposed to fresh pupae daily for 14 days and compared with unperturbed pupae. Results showed that S. cameroni had a higher percentage of parasitization, while M. zaraptor showed a sharp decline after day 12. Both parasitoids reduced the emergence of new house flies. In (4), the parasitization performance of commercial and wild populations of pupal parasitoid species (Muscidifurax sp, Spalangia sp, Nasonia vitripennis) were compared. Isolated lines were established for each species and population, and samples were identified for taxonomic and molecular analysis. Their parasitization activities were observed and recorded over a 4-hour period. No variation in parasitization was observed at the population level. The study revealed the presence of some parasitoid species that had never been released before in the study area. The excessive use of insecticides has worsened flies' resistance and reduced the presence of natural antagonists, resulting in a significant decrease in parasitoid effectiveness in these environments. This research enhances understanding of parasitoid species biology and behavior, improving biocontrol effectiveness in sustainable house flies management through optimized release and combination strategies.
Innovative strategies for sustainable management of Musca domestica in livestock farms.
8-apr-2024
MAISTRELLO, Lara
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1336568
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