Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy with high burden of disability and unpredictable course. Biomarkers are needed to identify subgroups of patients, predict prognosis and unravel pathogenetic mechanisms. The presence of OligoClonal Bands (OCBs) in the CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) is a sensitive and specific index of IgM or IgG intrathecal production, playing a diagnostic and prognostic role in other immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Previous studies report no significant role for IgG OCBs in GBS, while no data are available for IgM OCBs. This study aims to evaluate the presence and pathognetic significance of IgM OCBs in CSF and their potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for GBS. Patients admitted at Neurology Unit of the University Hospital of Modena for GBS between 2006 and 2020 were screened. Inclusion criteria included class 1 or 2 of Brighton criteria, completely available clinical history, neurophysiology and laboratory data and 12-months neurological follow. All included patients underwent thorough Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) and lumbar puncture during the acute phase of the disease. Test for IgM OCBs presence in CSF was performed for each patient. Many independent demographic, clinical, neurophysiological and laboratory variables as well as multiple outcome measures were collected for each patients. Statistics with non-parametric test of group comparison and multivariate regression and survival analysis were performed to identify significant associations with patients’ characteristics and outcome measures. The study included 187 patients, 29 of which (15%) had IgM OCBs in their CSF. Their presence identified a subgroup of patient characterized by involvement of bulbar nerves, autonomic dysfunction, higher prevalence of pure motor phenotype, more severe clinical picture at hospital admission (i.e. lower scores at the Medical Research Council -MRC- scale and inflammatory Rasch-build Overall Disability Scale -iRODS-) and worse performance at prognostic scores at hospital admission (modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score, Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score). NCS revealed a significant association between IgM OCBs and axonal involvement, with higher prevalence of Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy and F waves axonal abnormalities. Laboratory analysis of CSF showed a significant association between IgM OCBs and more severe Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) damage, with higher prevalence of albumin-cytological dissociation and higher concentration of CSF proteins. No patients had IgG OCBs in their CSF and indexes of IgG intrathecal production were not significantly different between the two groups. Considering outcomes, multivariate regression and survival analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between IgM OCBs, more severe clinical course (MRC and disability at nadir), worse outcome after 12 months (higher residual muscle weakness at MRC, higher residual disability at iRODS, inability of walking without support) and lower chance of complete recovery. In our study, IgM OCBs were present in the CSF of a restricted but specific subgroup of GBS patients, characterized by a more severe form of the disease, with prominent axonal and motor involvement. Their association with nerve roots damage and higher BBB dysfunction suggests a role as index of intrathecal active inflammation causing widespread insult of proximal nerves. Not surprisingly, their presence is also associated with worse long-term outcome and lower chance of recovery. Such results support the potential role of IgM OCBs as diagnostic, pathogenetic and prognostic biomarkers of GBS, deserving further investigations and validation in wider cohorts of patients.

La sindrome di Guillain-Barré (SGB) è una poliradicoloneuropatia acuta immuno-mediata caratterizzata da elevata disabilità e decorso imprevedibile, per cui sono necessari biomarcatori capaci di identificare sottogruppi di pazienti, prognosi e meccanismi patogenetici. La presenza di bande oligoclonali (BOG) nel liquor cerebrospinale (LCS) è indicatore di produzione intratecale di IgG e IgM, con ruolo diagnostico e prognostico definito in patologie neurologiche immuno-mediate come la sclerosi multipla. Studi precedenti non hanno evidenziato un ruolo per le BOG IgG nella SGB, ma non ci sono dati sulle IgM. Questo studio valuta la presenza e il significato patogenetico delle BOG IgM nel LCS dei pazienti con SGB nonché il loro potenziale ruolo di marcatori di diagnosi e prognosi. Sono stati valutati i pazienti ricoverati per SGB tra 2006 e 2020 presso la Neurologia dell’Ospedale di Modena, con i seguenti criteri di inclusione: classe 1 o 2 dei criteri di Brighton, storia clinica, studio neurofisiologico (ENG) e dati di laboratorio completi e disponibili, follow-up di 12 mesi. Tutti i pazienti hanno eseguito ENG e rachicentesi nella fase acuta di malattia e per tutti è stata effettuata la ricerca delle BOG IgM nel LCS. Numerose variabili indipendenti cliniche, neurofisiologiche e laboratoristiche così come diverse misure di outcome sono state valutate. Una statistica basata su test non parametrici di confronto tra gruppi, analisi multivariata di regressione e di sopravvivenza è stata condotta per identificare associazioni significative tra BOG IgM, caratteristiche cliniche e misure di outcome. Sono stati inclusi 187 pazienti, di cui 29 con BOG IgM nel LCS (15%). La loro presenza identifica un sottogruppo di pazienti con coinvolgimento del distretto bulbare, disautonomia, alta prevalenza di fenotipo motorio puro, clinica più severa al ricovero (punteggi inferiori alle scale Medical Research Council -MRC- e inflammatory Rasch-build Overall Disability Scale -iRODS-) e più elevati punteggi alle scale prognostiche (modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score, Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score). I dati neurofisiologici mostrano un’associazione significativa tra BOG IgM e danno assonale, con elevata frequenza di neuropatie motorie assonali acute ed alterazione assonale delle onde F. I dati di laboratorio permettono di correlare BOG IgM e danno di Barriera EmatoEncefalica (BEE), con maggiore prevalenza di dissociazione albumino-citologica e più elevate concentrazioni proteiche nel LCS. Nessun paziente presenta BOG IgG nel LCS e gli indici di sintesi intratecale di IgG non variano significativamente nei due gruppi. In merito agli outcome, l’analisi multivariata di regressione e di sopravvivenza conferma un’associazione statisticamente significativa tra BOG IgM e decorso clinico più severo (MRC e disabilità al nadir), peggiore esito a 12 mesi (ipostenia e disabilità più elevate alle scale MRC e iRODS, maggiore probabilità di avere necessità di un supporto per la deambulazione) e minori speranze di recupero completo. Il nostro studio ha riscontrato BOG IgM nel LCS di un ristretto ma specifico gruppo di pazienti con SGB, caratterizzato da una malattia più severa con prevalente coinvolgimento assonale motorio. L’associazione tra BOG IgM, danno delle radici nervose ed alterazione della BEE suggerisce un ruolo come indicatori di infiammazione attiva a livello intratecale e con conseguente danno prossimale dei nervi. Infatti, la loro presenza è correlata ad esiti più gravi a lungo termine e minori probabilità di recupero. Queste osservazioni supportano il valore delle BOG IgM come biomarcatori di diagnosi, patogenesi e prognosi nella SGB e sono meritevoli di ulteriori approfondimenti e di una validazione su dimensioni campionarie maggiori.

Valutazione della presenza di bande oligoclonali IgM nel liquor cerebrospinale come innovativo biomarcatore di diagnosi, patogenesi e prognosi nella sindrome di Guillain-Barré / Marco Mazzoli , 2024 Mar 18. 36. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022/2023.

Valutazione della presenza di bande oligoclonali IgM nel liquor cerebrospinale come innovativo biomarcatore di diagnosi, patogenesi e prognosi nella sindrome di Guillain-Barré.

MAZZOLI, MARCO
2024

Abstract

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy with high burden of disability and unpredictable course. Biomarkers are needed to identify subgroups of patients, predict prognosis and unravel pathogenetic mechanisms. The presence of OligoClonal Bands (OCBs) in the CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) is a sensitive and specific index of IgM or IgG intrathecal production, playing a diagnostic and prognostic role in other immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Previous studies report no significant role for IgG OCBs in GBS, while no data are available for IgM OCBs. This study aims to evaluate the presence and pathognetic significance of IgM OCBs in CSF and their potential role as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for GBS. Patients admitted at Neurology Unit of the University Hospital of Modena for GBS between 2006 and 2020 were screened. Inclusion criteria included class 1 or 2 of Brighton criteria, completely available clinical history, neurophysiology and laboratory data and 12-months neurological follow. All included patients underwent thorough Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) and lumbar puncture during the acute phase of the disease. Test for IgM OCBs presence in CSF was performed for each patient. Many independent demographic, clinical, neurophysiological and laboratory variables as well as multiple outcome measures were collected for each patients. Statistics with non-parametric test of group comparison and multivariate regression and survival analysis were performed to identify significant associations with patients’ characteristics and outcome measures. The study included 187 patients, 29 of which (15%) had IgM OCBs in their CSF. Their presence identified a subgroup of patient characterized by involvement of bulbar nerves, autonomic dysfunction, higher prevalence of pure motor phenotype, more severe clinical picture at hospital admission (i.e. lower scores at the Medical Research Council -MRC- scale and inflammatory Rasch-build Overall Disability Scale -iRODS-) and worse performance at prognostic scores at hospital admission (modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score, Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score). NCS revealed a significant association between IgM OCBs and axonal involvement, with higher prevalence of Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy and F waves axonal abnormalities. Laboratory analysis of CSF showed a significant association between IgM OCBs and more severe Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) damage, with higher prevalence of albumin-cytological dissociation and higher concentration of CSF proteins. No patients had IgG OCBs in their CSF and indexes of IgG intrathecal production were not significantly different between the two groups. Considering outcomes, multivariate regression and survival analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between IgM OCBs, more severe clinical course (MRC and disability at nadir), worse outcome after 12 months (higher residual muscle weakness at MRC, higher residual disability at iRODS, inability of walking without support) and lower chance of complete recovery. In our study, IgM OCBs were present in the CSF of a restricted but specific subgroup of GBS patients, characterized by a more severe form of the disease, with prominent axonal and motor involvement. Their association with nerve roots damage and higher BBB dysfunction suggests a role as index of intrathecal active inflammation causing widespread insult of proximal nerves. Not surprisingly, their presence is also associated with worse long-term outcome and lower chance of recovery. Such results support the potential role of IgM OCBs as diagnostic, pathogenetic and prognostic biomarkers of GBS, deserving further investigations and validation in wider cohorts of patients.
The role of IgM oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid as a new biomarker of diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis in Guillain-Barrè syndrome
18-mar-2024
MELETTI, Stefano
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