Growth Hormone (GH) and its main peripheral effector, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, play a fundamental role in growth processes and metabolism. Pediatric subjects diagnosed with GH deficiency (GHD) undergo long-term GH replacement therapy at dosages that are currently not individualized and growth rates do not always coincide with the expected. The role of GH in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis leads to consider possible oncogenic effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which are involved in many biological processes such as body growth and cancer. Moreover, miRNAs are studied as biomarkers of diseases and as markers to optimize administration of pharmaceutical agents. This project aimed at identifying circulating miRNAs varying in prepubertal GHD patients undergoing GH treatment by using a miRNA profiling approach and at evaluating whether they could be useful to predict the clinical outcome in terms of growth. Furthermore, it aimed at evaluating the impact of the identified miRNAs on pathways related with cancer by using an in silico approach and functional assays in vitro in primary cells. The miRNA profiling analysis on serum samples from 10 GHD patients (5 males, 5 females) at two time points before starting GH treatment (i.e. the baseline), and at 3 months on treatment allowed to identify 16 miRNAs which were upregulated and 2 miRNAs which were downregulated. The in silico analysis evidenced the involvement of these miRNAs in growth and cancer and allowed to select a subset of 8 miRNAs with a putative role in growth and bone metabolism, which underwent a validation step in 25 GHD patients. MiR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p were confirmed to be upregulated after 3 months on GH treatment. The analysis of miRNA expression over 12 months of GH treatment evidenced that miRNA variability tends to decrease after 12 months on treatment. No differences in miRNA levels between responder and non- responder patients were observed. These 3 miRNAs contributed to explain growth response on GH treatment in terms of height variation (0-12 months) (Adj.R2=0.79; R2CV=0.43) and growth velocity variation (0-6 months) (Adj.R2=0.75; R2CV=0.63). A target prediction analysis of these 3 miRNAs evidenced that miR-335-5p and miR-199a-5p are predicted to target CRIM1 which binds with both BMP4 and BMP7 in the Golgi, and determines a reduction in the production and processing of preproteins to mature BMPs and a reduction of secretion of mature BMPs. Moreover, miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p are predicted to target CLOCK, which is involved in circadian clock regulation known to be linked to bone development and cancer and ROCK1, which is increased in many tumors and related to metastasis. The in vitro study of the effects of these miRNAs on HOB osteoblasts evidenced that these miRNAs had no effects on cell viability after miRNA transfection. Moreover, osteopontin (SPP1), COL1A1 and COL1A2 were analyzed as markers of cell differentiation in HOB cells after miRNA transfection and their expression levels did not change. Furthermore, the 3 miRNAs showed to have no effects on CLOCK, CRIM1, and ROCK1 gene expression nor CLOCK and ROCK1 protein levels. To conclude, this project led to the identification of 18 miRNAs that change in response to GH treatment and among these miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p were confirmed to change. The early change in these miRNAs contributes to explain growth response in terms of height variation 0-12 months and growth velocity variation 0-6 months, and they could be used in future for prediction models to customize treatment. Current data do not indicate a role of these miRNAs in increasing the risk for cancer.

L’Ormone della crescita (GH) e il suo principale effettore periferico insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, sono fondamentali nella crescita e nel metabolismo. I pazienti pediatrici con deficit di GH (GHD) vengono sottoposti a una terapia sostitutiva a lungo termine con GH a dosi che non sono individualizzate e spesso i tassi di crescita osservati non corrispondono all’atteso. Il ruolo del GH nella regolazione di proliferazione cellulare, differenziamento e apoptosi porta a valutarne un possibile effetto pro-oncogenico. I microRNA (miRNA) sono regolatori post-trascrizionali dell’espressione genica coinvolti in molti processi biologici tra cui crescita e cancro. Inoltre i miRNA sono studiati come biomarcatori di patologia e come marcatori per ottimizzare la somministrazione di farmaci. Questo progetto è volto ad identificare, tramite un approccio di miRNA profiling, i miRNA circolanti che variano in pazienti prepuberi con GHD sottoposti a terapia con GH e a valutare se questi miRNA siano utili per predire la risposta al GH in termini di crescita. Inoltre lo studio si pone di valutare l’impatto dei miRNA identificati su pathways associati al cancro utilizzando un approccio in silico e saggi funzionali in vitro in colture primarie. L’analisi di miRNA profiling in campioni di siero di 10 pazienti con GHD (5 maschi, 5 femmine) a due tempi prima dell’inizio della terapia (i.e. baseline) e a 3 mesi di terapia ha portato ad identificare 16 miRNA up-regolati e 2 miRNA down-regolati. L’analisi in silico ha mostrato che questi miRNA sono coinvolti nella crescita e nel cancro e ha consentito di selezionarne 8 con un ruolo putativo nella crescita e nel metabolismo osseo che sono stati sottoposti a validazione in 25 pazienti con GHD. MiR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p e miR-494-3p si sono confermati up-regolati dopo 3 mesi di terapia con GH. L’analisi dell’espressione dei 3 miRNA sui 12 mesi di terapia ha evidenziato che la loro variabilità tende a diminuire dopo 12 mesi. Non sono emerse differenze nei livelli dei miRNA fra pazienti responder e non-responder. Questi 3 miRNA contribuiscono a spiegare la risposta alla terapia in termini di variazione di altezza (0-12 mesi) (Adj.R2=0.79; R2CV=0.43) e variazione di velocità di crescita (0-6 mesi) (Adj.R2=0.75; R2CV=0.63). L’analisi di predizione dei target ha evidenziato che miR-335-5p e miR-199a-5p sono predetti regolare CRIM1 che lega BMP4 e BMP7 nel Golgi, riduce la produzione e il processamento delle preproteine a BMP mature e ne riduce la secrezione. Inoltre miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p e miR-494-3p sono predetti regolare CLOCK, coinvolto nel ritmo circadiano associato allo sviluppo dell’osso e ROCK1 che è aumentato in diversi tumori e associato a metastasi. Lo studio in vitro degli effetti di questi miRNA sugli osteoblasti HOB ha mostrato, in seguito a trasfezione, che questi miRNA non hanno effetti sulla vitalità cellulare. L’osteopontina (SPP1), COL1A1 e COL1A2 sono stati analizzati come marker di differenziamento nelle cellule HOB e in seguito a trasfezione, i loro livelli di espressione non variano. Inoltre, i 3 miRNA non hanno mostrato effetti sui livelli di espressione di CLOCK, CRIM1 e ROCK1 né sui livelli proteici di CLOCK e ROCK1. In conclusione, questo progetto ha portato ad identificare 18 miRNA che variano in risposta al trattamento con GH e fra questi miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p e miR-494-3p si sono confermati. La variazione precoce di questi miRNA contribuisce a spiegare la risposta al GH in termini di variazione di altezza 0-12 mesi e variazione di velocità di crescita 0-6 mesi e potrebbero essere usati in futuro in modelli di predizione per personalizzare la terapia. I dati attualmente disponibili non indicano un ruolo di questi miRNA nell’aumentare il rischio di cancro.

Ruolo dei miRNA nel predire la risposta all’Ormone della Crescita (GH) in pazienti pediatrici con Deficit di GH (GHD) e loro relazione con l’oncogenesi: miRNA profiling, studi in silico e in vitro / Cecilia Catellani , 2023 Sep 29. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Ruolo dei miRNA nel predire la risposta all’Ormone della Crescita (GH) in pazienti pediatrici con Deficit di GH (GHD) e loro relazione con l’oncogenesi: miRNA profiling, studi in silico e in vitro.

CATELLANI, CECILIA
2023

Abstract

Growth Hormone (GH) and its main peripheral effector, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, play a fundamental role in growth processes and metabolism. Pediatric subjects diagnosed with GH deficiency (GHD) undergo long-term GH replacement therapy at dosages that are currently not individualized and growth rates do not always coincide with the expected. The role of GH in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis leads to consider possible oncogenic effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which are involved in many biological processes such as body growth and cancer. Moreover, miRNAs are studied as biomarkers of diseases and as markers to optimize administration of pharmaceutical agents. This project aimed at identifying circulating miRNAs varying in prepubertal GHD patients undergoing GH treatment by using a miRNA profiling approach and at evaluating whether they could be useful to predict the clinical outcome in terms of growth. Furthermore, it aimed at evaluating the impact of the identified miRNAs on pathways related with cancer by using an in silico approach and functional assays in vitro in primary cells. The miRNA profiling analysis on serum samples from 10 GHD patients (5 males, 5 females) at two time points before starting GH treatment (i.e. the baseline), and at 3 months on treatment allowed to identify 16 miRNAs which were upregulated and 2 miRNAs which were downregulated. The in silico analysis evidenced the involvement of these miRNAs in growth and cancer and allowed to select a subset of 8 miRNAs with a putative role in growth and bone metabolism, which underwent a validation step in 25 GHD patients. MiR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p were confirmed to be upregulated after 3 months on GH treatment. The analysis of miRNA expression over 12 months of GH treatment evidenced that miRNA variability tends to decrease after 12 months on treatment. No differences in miRNA levels between responder and non- responder patients were observed. These 3 miRNAs contributed to explain growth response on GH treatment in terms of height variation (0-12 months) (Adj.R2=0.79; R2CV=0.43) and growth velocity variation (0-6 months) (Adj.R2=0.75; R2CV=0.63). A target prediction analysis of these 3 miRNAs evidenced that miR-335-5p and miR-199a-5p are predicted to target CRIM1 which binds with both BMP4 and BMP7 in the Golgi, and determines a reduction in the production and processing of preproteins to mature BMPs and a reduction of secretion of mature BMPs. Moreover, miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p are predicted to target CLOCK, which is involved in circadian clock regulation known to be linked to bone development and cancer and ROCK1, which is increased in many tumors and related to metastasis. The in vitro study of the effects of these miRNAs on HOB osteoblasts evidenced that these miRNAs had no effects on cell viability after miRNA transfection. Moreover, osteopontin (SPP1), COL1A1 and COL1A2 were analyzed as markers of cell differentiation in HOB cells after miRNA transfection and their expression levels did not change. Furthermore, the 3 miRNAs showed to have no effects on CLOCK, CRIM1, and ROCK1 gene expression nor CLOCK and ROCK1 protein levels. To conclude, this project led to the identification of 18 miRNAs that change in response to GH treatment and among these miR-199a-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-494-3p were confirmed to change. The early change in these miRNAs contributes to explain growth response in terms of height variation 0-12 months and growth velocity variation 0-6 months, and they could be used in future for prediction models to customize treatment. Current data do not indicate a role of these miRNAs in increasing the risk for cancer.
Role of miRNAs in predicting Growth Hormone (GH) response in children with Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) and their relationship with oncogenesis: miRNA profiling, in silico and in vitro studies.
29-set-2023
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