In December 2018, Spain discovered that it was no longer an exception. While in the rest of the world illiberal forces were gaining ground, in Spain they had yet to emerge. Yet, after the Andalusian elections of December 2018, a party born four years earlier within the Partido Popular managed to establish itself as the third force in the country with a markedly nationalist discourse. This work investigates the political trajectory that allowed Vox to gain a foothold in Spanish public opinion, exploiting a favourable economic, political and media context. The aim is to highlight, on the one hand, the debts that Vox contracted with the different experiences of the post-Francoist right and, on the other, to examine in detail the freshness of his political experience. Debts and conquests, loans and novelties. The questions to which this work attempts to offer answers have required an investigation that, in its unfolding, has taken on a deep interdisciplinary approach. History, sociology, political communication, corpus linguistics and cognitive psychology dialogue with each other to grasp the characteristics of this political phenomenon. Different sources were considered: election programmes, social media, emerographic sources, internal party documents, public statements, field interviews. While the historical reconstruction was carried out by consulting the literature on the subject and the emerographic material available in online archives, the reconstruction of the discourse is the result of a more articulated analysis. The theoretical foundations underpinning it are to be found in the idea, traceable to the French school of Dominique Maigueneau and Michel Pecheaux, according to which a correct analysis of discourse cannot disregard an assessment of the conditions of its production. Following this approach, Vox's discourse is not considered as mere 'ideological content' but as a set of practices and tools that have allowed Santiago Abascal's party to shuffle the cards and hegemonic frames, proposing a different thematic agenda, rediscovering the fiercest conservative rhetoric and radically changing the tone of the political debate. A large part of the work focused on the study of social media. The use of Crowndtangle software allowed an initial comparative analysis of the use of social networks by the different party leaders in order to understand the role that social media played in the general economy of Vox communication. In a second step, a quantitative lexicometric analysis of the Tweets published by the main party leaders in the time span from 01 April 2019 to 10 November 2019 was carried out using the IraMuteQ software. In conclusion, it is argued in this paper that Vox is a party that, while it owes debts to the past, is unprecedented and original. The radicality of his discourse is expressed by the use of ontological hyperbole and a widespread play on antinomies. Vox's discourse refers to an underlying existentialism with respect to Spanish identity. Habits, customs, culture, family, monarchy and central political power are not considered as a social construction, products of a diachronic stratification of actors and circumstances, but as a natural product, a universal order of reality. Replacing class struggle with ethnic conflict, recreating an arena of confrontation between in-groups (Spaniards) and out-groups (Catalan independentists, foreign immigrants, European bureaucrats, socialists, international oligarchies), Vox offers a response to the crises of the present. An articulate response, endowed with a strong narrative coherence, which contributes to making the ultra-conservative discourse rationally saleable to large sections of the population.

A partire dal dicembre 2018, la Spagna ha scoperto di non essere più un’ eccezione. Mentre nel resto del mondo forze illiberali guadagnavano terreno, in Spagna non avevano ancora avuto modo di emergere. Eppure, dopo le elezioni andaluse del dicembre 2018, un partito nato quattro anni prima in seno al Partido Popular, riesce ad affermarsi come terza forza del Paese con un discorso marcatamente nazionalista. Questo lavoro si occupa di indagare la traiettoria politica che ha consentito a Vox di farsi largo nell’opinione pubblica spagnola, sfruttando un contesto economico, politico e mediatico favorevole. L’obiettivo é evidenziare da un lato i debiti che Vox contrae con le diverse esperienze della destra post-franchista e dall’altro esaminare nel dettaglio le novità della sua esperienza politica. Debiti e conquiste, prestiti e novità. Le domande di questo lavoro hanno richiesto un’indagine che, nel suo svolgersi, ha assunto un carattere profondamente interdisciplinare. Storia, sociologia, comunicazione politica, linguistica dei corpora e psicologia cognitiva dialogano fra loro nel tentativo di cogliere le caratteristiche di questo fenomeno politico. Fonti diverse sono state prese in considerazione: Programmi elettorali, social media, fonti emerografiche, documenti interni al partito, dichiarazioni pubbliche, interviste sul campo. Se la ricostruzione storica é avvenuta attraverso la consultazione della letteratura sul tema e del materiale emerografico disponibile negli archivi online, la ricostruzione del discorso é invece il frutto di un’analisi più articolata. Le basi teoriche che la sostengono sono da ricercare nell’idea, riconducibile alla scuola francese di Dominique Maigueneau e Michel Pecheaux, secondo cui una corretta analisi del discorso non può prescindere da una valutazione delle condizione di produzione dello stesso. Seguendo tale approccio, il discorso di Vox non viene considerato come mero “contenuto ideologico” ma come insieme di pratiche e strumenti che hanno permesso al partito di Santiago Abascal di mischiare le carte e i frame egemonici, proponendo una diversa agenda tematica, riscoprendo la più feroce retorica conservatrice e mutando radicalmente i toni del dibattito politico. Larga parte del lavoro si é concentrata sullo studio dei social media. L’uso del software Crowndtangle ha consentito una prima analisi comparata dell’uso delle reti social da parte dei diversi leader di partito al fine di comprendere il ruolo che i social hanno avuto nell’economia generale della comunicazione di Vox. In un secondo momento, attraverso il software IraMuteQ si é proceduto ad un’analisi lessicometrica di tipo quantitativo dei Tweet pubblicati dai principali leader dei partiti nell’arco di tempo che va dal 01 aprile 2019 al 10 novembre 2019. In conclusione, in questo lavoro si sostiene che Vox sia un partito che pur contraendo debiti con il passato, risulta inedito ed originale. La radicalità del suo discorso è espressa dall'uso di iperboli ontologiche e da un diffuso gioco di antinomie. Il discorso di Vox fa riferimento ad un esistenzialismo di fondo rispetto all'identità spagnola. Abitudini, costumi, cultura, famiglia, monarchia e potere politico centrale non sono considerati come una costruzione sociale, prodotti di una stratificazione diacronica di attori e circostanze, ma come un prodotto naturale, un ordine universale del reale. Sostituendo la lotta di classe con il conflitto etnico, ricreando un'arena di confronto tra in-group (spagnoli) e out-group (indipendentisti catalani, immigrati stranieri, burocrati europei, socialisti, oligarchie internazionali), Vox offre una risposta alle crisi del presente. Una risposta articolata, dotata di una forte coerenza narrativa, che contribuisce a rendere il discorso ultraconservatore razionalmente vendibile a larghe fasce della popolazione.

Patrioti digitali Vox e la rivincita nazionalista in Spagna / Nicola Riccardi , 2023 May 18. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Patrioti digitali Vox e la rivincita nazionalista in Spagna

RICCARDI, NICOLA
2023

Abstract

In December 2018, Spain discovered that it was no longer an exception. While in the rest of the world illiberal forces were gaining ground, in Spain they had yet to emerge. Yet, after the Andalusian elections of December 2018, a party born four years earlier within the Partido Popular managed to establish itself as the third force in the country with a markedly nationalist discourse. This work investigates the political trajectory that allowed Vox to gain a foothold in Spanish public opinion, exploiting a favourable economic, political and media context. The aim is to highlight, on the one hand, the debts that Vox contracted with the different experiences of the post-Francoist right and, on the other, to examine in detail the freshness of his political experience. Debts and conquests, loans and novelties. The questions to which this work attempts to offer answers have required an investigation that, in its unfolding, has taken on a deep interdisciplinary approach. History, sociology, political communication, corpus linguistics and cognitive psychology dialogue with each other to grasp the characteristics of this political phenomenon. Different sources were considered: election programmes, social media, emerographic sources, internal party documents, public statements, field interviews. While the historical reconstruction was carried out by consulting the literature on the subject and the emerographic material available in online archives, the reconstruction of the discourse is the result of a more articulated analysis. The theoretical foundations underpinning it are to be found in the idea, traceable to the French school of Dominique Maigueneau and Michel Pecheaux, according to which a correct analysis of discourse cannot disregard an assessment of the conditions of its production. Following this approach, Vox's discourse is not considered as mere 'ideological content' but as a set of practices and tools that have allowed Santiago Abascal's party to shuffle the cards and hegemonic frames, proposing a different thematic agenda, rediscovering the fiercest conservative rhetoric and radically changing the tone of the political debate. A large part of the work focused on the study of social media. The use of Crowndtangle software allowed an initial comparative analysis of the use of social networks by the different party leaders in order to understand the role that social media played in the general economy of Vox communication. In a second step, a quantitative lexicometric analysis of the Tweets published by the main party leaders in the time span from 01 April 2019 to 10 November 2019 was carried out using the IraMuteQ software. In conclusion, it is argued in this paper that Vox is a party that, while it owes debts to the past, is unprecedented and original. The radicality of his discourse is expressed by the use of ontological hyperbole and a widespread play on antinomies. Vox's discourse refers to an underlying existentialism with respect to Spanish identity. Habits, customs, culture, family, monarchy and central political power are not considered as a social construction, products of a diachronic stratification of actors and circumstances, but as a natural product, a universal order of reality. Replacing class struggle with ethnic conflict, recreating an arena of confrontation between in-groups (Spaniards) and out-groups (Catalan independentists, foreign immigrants, European bureaucrats, socialists, international oligarchies), Vox offers a response to the crises of the present. An articulate response, endowed with a strong narrative coherence, which contributes to making the ultra-conservative discourse rationally saleable to large sections of the population.
Digital patriots: Vox and the raise of nationalism in Spain.
18-mag-2023
BOTTI, Alfonso
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