Status Epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency characterized by high short-term morbidity and mortality. Identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers could help in the evaluation and management of SE patients. Beside clinico-electroencefalographic evaluation, a multimodal approach based, on the measurement of neuro-glial injury biomarkers and on the identification of acute neuroimaging alterations related to SE could help both rapidly identifying those patients who will eventually develop short- and long-term consequences of SE and assisting the diagnosis in more doubtful cases. This study aims to: 1. determine the cerebral CT perfusion (CTP) patterns correlated to SE and define their role in supporting the diagnosis of NCSE; 2. define the profile changes of serum and CSF biomarkers of neuro-glial degeneration and their potential prognostic role; 3. define the usefulness of such a multimodal evaluation to improve SE treatment in clinical practice. This is a prospective monocentric collection of adult patients with SE. Enrolled patients underwent to the acquisition of serum samplings during SE within 72 hours from its diagnosis. In these samplings neuro-glial injury biomarkers (neurofilament light chain, NfL, and S100B) were measured. The same fluids’ biomarkers were measured in control groups: age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) and epileptic patients (EP). Outcome measures were: 30 days mortality and disability, treatment refractoriness and epilepsy development. In NCSE, an analysis of the characteristics of CTP and EEG patterns and their relationship was then made. Twenty-one focal NCSE patients were studied with CTP and EEG in the acute phase. Eighteen patients (86%) had focal hyper-perfusion patterns and 3 (14%) a normo-perfusion patterns. In patients with hyper-perfusion patterns there was a perfect (100%) concordance in spatial localization of focal multilobar cortical hyper-perfusion and focal ictal activity. Among the hyper-perfused patients, all the 12 patients with continuous pattern (CP) showed cortical hyper-perfusion while only 3 out of 6 (50%) with waxing and waning pattern (WWP) had cortical hyper-perfusion (χ², p = 0.03). In 87 SE patients serum levels of NfL and S100B were measured. In SE group, serum levels of NfL and S100B were significantly higher compared to those of EP and HC (p < 0.001). NfL above 70.25 pg/ml were found to be an independent predictor of 30 days mortality after correction for age and treatment refractoriness (OR 6 95% CI 1-36.12 p = 0.05); NfL above 33.4 pg/ml showed to be an independent predictor of 30 days disability after correction for age (OR 3.9 95% CI 1.41-10.64 p = 0.009); NfL above 19.75 pg/ml appeared as an independent predictor of refractoriness development (OR 8.2 95% CI 2.08-32.58 p = 0.003). Serum S100B levels appeared significantly higher in patients who died and in those who worsened within 30 days even though they did not appeared to be predictors for these outcome. Moreover, no significant differences were found in serum levels of S100B between responsive and refractory SE. Comparing those who developed epilepsy compared to those for which the SE remained an isolated event, no differences in serum NfL levels were found while serum levels of S100B were significantly lower in patients who developed epilepsy. Nevertheless, neither NfL nor S100B were found to be predictors of epilepsy development after SE. In conclusion, hyper-perfusion CTP patterns represent a biomarker to assist and support the diagnosis of NCSE in the emergency department setting, especially in doubtful cases. Serum NfL levels seem to be helpful for the prognostication in terms of short-term mortality, functional outcome and refractoriness development.

Lo Stato Epilettico (SE) è una frequente emergenza neurologica caratterizzata da elevata morbidità e mortalità nel breve termine. Biomarcatori prognostici e diagnostici possono aiutare nella valutazione e nella gestione di questi pazienti. Un approccio multimodale, che aggiunga, a fianco della valutazione clinico-elettroencefalografica, la misurazione di biomarcatori neuroradiologici e di danno neuro-gliale può permettere di migliorare l’identificazione di coloro che svilupperanno sequele a breve e lungo termine ed assistere la diagnosi, specialmente nei casi più dubbi. Scopi dello studio: 1. Determinare i patterns perfusionali di CT (CTP) dello SE e definirne il ruolo diagnostico nei casi di SE non convulsivo (NCSE); 2. Definire i livelli sierici e liquorali di biomarcatori di danno neuro-gliale e valutarne il ruolo prognostico; 3. Definire l’utilità di un approccio multimodale nella diagnosi e prognosticazione dello SE. I pazienti arruolati sono stati sottoposti a prelievo sierico durante lo SE, entro 72 ore dalla sua diagnosi per la misurazione di Neurofilamenti a catena leggera (NfL) e di proteina S100B. Gli stessi biomarcatori sono stati misurati nei gruppi di controllo: controlli sani (HC) e pazienti con diagnosi di epilessia (EP) omogenei per età e genere. Le misure di outcome misurate sono: mortalità e livello di disabilità a 30 giorni dallo SE, sviluppo di refrattarietà al trattamento e sviluppo di epilessia. Nei pazienti con NCSE, è stata effettuata un’analisi delle caratteristiche dei patterns perfusionali ed EEG. Ventuno pazienti con NCSE sono stati studiati con CTP ed EEG. In 18 pazienti (86%) è stato evidenziato un pattern di iper-perfusione ed è stata osservata una concordanza spaziale perfetta (100%) tra la sede multilobare dell’iper-perfusione e la sede dell’attività critica focale all’EEG. Tutti i pazienti con patterns epilettici continui all’EEG (12 pazienti) presentavano un pattern di iper-perfusione mentre soltanto 3 su 6 (50%) con patterns EEG discontinui (WWP) avevano iper-perfusione (χ², p = 0.03). Per 87 pazienti è stato possibile ottenere i livelli sierici di Nfl e S100B. Nei pazienti con SE, i livelli di entrambi i biomarcatori sono risultati significativamente maggiori rispetto a quelli rilevati nei gruppi di controllo (p < 0.001). NfL sierici > 70.25 pg/ml sono risultati un predittore indipendente di mortalità a 30 giorni dopo correzione per età e refrattarietà (OR 6 95% CI 1-36.12 p = 0.05); NfL > 33.4 pg/ml sono risultati predittore indipendente (dopo correzione per età) di sviluppo di disabilità a 30 giorni (OR 3.9 95% CI 1.41-10.64 p = 0.009); NfL > 19.75 pg/ml si sono mostrati un predittore di sviluppo di refrattarietà al trattamento (OR 8.2 95% CI 2.08-32.58 p = 0.003). I livelli sierici di S100B invece sono risultati essere significativamente maggiori nei pazienti deceduti o peggiorati clinicamente ma non sono risultati essere predittori per questi ouctomes. SE responsivi e refrattari non hanno presentato differenze significative nei livelli di S100B. Comparando coloro che hanno sviluppato un’epilessia a coloro per i quali lo SE ha rappresentato un evento isolato, non si sono osservate differenze significative nei livelli di NfL mentre i livelli di S100B sono risultati significativamente ridotti in coloro che hanno sviluppato epilessia successivamente. Tuttavia nessuno dei due biomarcatori rappresenta un predittore di sviluppo di epilessia dopo uno SE. In conclusione, i patterns CT di iper-perfusione rappresentano un biomarcatore neuroradiologico per supportare la diagnosi di NCSE utile soprattutto nei casi più dubbi. Inoltre, i livelli sierici di NfL sono utili per la prognosticazione in termini di mortalità e morbidità a breve termine e sviluppo di refrattarietà al trattamento.

Biomarcatori sierici, liquorali e neuroradiologici per la diagnosi e la prognosi in pazienti adulti con Stato Epilettico / Giada Giovannini , 2023 May 19. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Biomarcatori sierici, liquorali e neuroradiologici per la diagnosi e la prognosi in pazienti adulti con Stato Epilettico

GIOVANNINI, GIADA
2023

Abstract

Status Epilepticus (SE) is a common neurological emergency characterized by high short-term morbidity and mortality. Identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers could help in the evaluation and management of SE patients. Beside clinico-electroencefalographic evaluation, a multimodal approach based, on the measurement of neuro-glial injury biomarkers and on the identification of acute neuroimaging alterations related to SE could help both rapidly identifying those patients who will eventually develop short- and long-term consequences of SE and assisting the diagnosis in more doubtful cases. This study aims to: 1. determine the cerebral CT perfusion (CTP) patterns correlated to SE and define their role in supporting the diagnosis of NCSE; 2. define the profile changes of serum and CSF biomarkers of neuro-glial degeneration and their potential prognostic role; 3. define the usefulness of such a multimodal evaluation to improve SE treatment in clinical practice. This is a prospective monocentric collection of adult patients with SE. Enrolled patients underwent to the acquisition of serum samplings during SE within 72 hours from its diagnosis. In these samplings neuro-glial injury biomarkers (neurofilament light chain, NfL, and S100B) were measured. The same fluids’ biomarkers were measured in control groups: age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) and epileptic patients (EP). Outcome measures were: 30 days mortality and disability, treatment refractoriness and epilepsy development. In NCSE, an analysis of the characteristics of CTP and EEG patterns and their relationship was then made. Twenty-one focal NCSE patients were studied with CTP and EEG in the acute phase. Eighteen patients (86%) had focal hyper-perfusion patterns and 3 (14%) a normo-perfusion patterns. In patients with hyper-perfusion patterns there was a perfect (100%) concordance in spatial localization of focal multilobar cortical hyper-perfusion and focal ictal activity. Among the hyper-perfused patients, all the 12 patients with continuous pattern (CP) showed cortical hyper-perfusion while only 3 out of 6 (50%) with waxing and waning pattern (WWP) had cortical hyper-perfusion (χ², p = 0.03). In 87 SE patients serum levels of NfL and S100B were measured. In SE group, serum levels of NfL and S100B were significantly higher compared to those of EP and HC (p < 0.001). NfL above 70.25 pg/ml were found to be an independent predictor of 30 days mortality after correction for age and treatment refractoriness (OR 6 95% CI 1-36.12 p = 0.05); NfL above 33.4 pg/ml showed to be an independent predictor of 30 days disability after correction for age (OR 3.9 95% CI 1.41-10.64 p = 0.009); NfL above 19.75 pg/ml appeared as an independent predictor of refractoriness development (OR 8.2 95% CI 2.08-32.58 p = 0.003). Serum S100B levels appeared significantly higher in patients who died and in those who worsened within 30 days even though they did not appeared to be predictors for these outcome. Moreover, no significant differences were found in serum levels of S100B between responsive and refractory SE. Comparing those who developed epilepsy compared to those for which the SE remained an isolated event, no differences in serum NfL levels were found while serum levels of S100B were significantly lower in patients who developed epilepsy. Nevertheless, neither NfL nor S100B were found to be predictors of epilepsy development after SE. In conclusion, hyper-perfusion CTP patterns represent a biomarker to assist and support the diagnosis of NCSE in the emergency department setting, especially in doubtful cases. Serum NfL levels seem to be helpful for the prognostication in terms of short-term mortality, functional outcome and refractoriness development.
Neuroimaging and fluid diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in adult patients with Status Epilepticus
19-mag-2023
BIAGINI, Giuseppe
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