Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. The plant produces different classes of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and terpenes, which have shown to possess many biological activities. Fiber-type C. sativa (hemp) is characterized by a high content of cannabidiol (CBD) and a very low level of the psychoactive ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) (0.2%). Recently, the interest in non-psychoactive cannabinoids from C. sativa is increased, due to the lack of psychotropic effects. In the light of all the above, this PhD project was focused on the preparation and chemical characterization of extracts from different non-psychoactive C. sativa varieties, which were subsequently tested using both in vitro and in vivo models of human chronic diseases. To do this, it was necessary to fully characterize the bioactive compounds of hemp extracts by means of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for cannabinoids, while gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for terpenes. As for the in vitro assays, the project was focused on the investigation of the possible role of non-psychoactive C. sativa extracts belonging to different varieties as antiproliferative agents. To do this, cell lines of different embryological origin were selected, and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells were the most responsive ones to a hemp extract highly rich in CBD. Apoptosis was found to be involved in the mechanism/s of action, as demonstrated by the release of cytochrome c and caspases 3/7 activation. As for the in vivo assays, olive oil extracts were prepared starting from a CBD-type C. sativa variety by paying attention to the decarboxylation process to obtain an extract rich in cannabinoids and another one rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes. A multi-component analysis of the bioactive secondary metabolites was carried out using the chromatographic methods aforementioned. Then, the olive oil extracts were tested using an in vivo model of epilepsy and they were compared with the activity of pure CBD. The same oils as well as the main pure compounds (CBD and β-caryophyllene) were assessed for their in vivo activity against neuropathic pain, in collaboration with the University of Florence. In these set of experiments, the oil extract highly rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes provided much better bioactivity. A model of interaction of CBD and β-caryophyllene (CAR) with the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor was proposed, thanks to a docking study performed in collaboration with the University of Siena. Finally, new methods for the extraction and analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes were developed. An HPLC-UV/DAD method for the separation of a mixture of cannabinoids was optimized by using the Design of Experiment (DoE). The preparation of medical C. sativa olive oil extracts, rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes, was optimized by developing an innovative extraction method, which may also be applied to galenic preparations. An innovative work on transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. was also performed to investigate the production of cannabinoids in genetically modified tobacco plants, in collaboration with the University College Dublin. In conclusion, the research work of this PhD demonstrated the importance of the use of efficient methods for the extraction and chemical analysis of bioactive compounds from C. sativa. Moreover, the ability of non-psychotropic C. sativa to exert an antiproliferative activity in in vitro models of chronic myeloproliferative disorders and to display promising effects in in vivo models of epilepsy and neuropathic pain, respectively, were demonstrated as well, paving the basis for a future clinical translation of these scientific outcomes.

Cannabis sativa L. è una pianta erbacea appartenente alla famiglia delle Cannabaceae. La pianta produce diverse classi di metaboliti secondari, tra i quali i cannabinoidi e i terpeni, che hanno mostrato di possedere diverse attività biologiche. Le varietà da fibra di C. sativa sono caratterizzate da un alto contenuto di cannabidiolo (CBD) e da un livello di ∆9-tetraidrocannabinolo (∆9-THC) psicoattivo molto basso (0.2%). Recentemente, l'interesse nei cannabinoidi non psicoattivi derivanti da C. sativa è aumentato per via dell’assenza di attività psicotropa. Alla luce di quanto sopra, il presente Dottorato di Ricerca è stato focalizzato sulla preparazione e caratterizzazione di estratti da varietà non psicoattive di C. sativa che sono stati successivamente testati utilizzando modelli in vitro e in vivo di patologie croniche. Per fare questo, è stato necessario caratterizzare in modo completo i composti bioattivi presenti negli estratti mediante cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione (UHPLC) accoppiata con spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione (HRMS) per i cannabinoidi, mentre la gascromatografia accoppiata alla spettrometria di massa (GC-MS) è stata usata per i terpeni. Per quanto riguarda i saggi in vitro, il progetto si è concentrato sull'indagine del possibile ruolo degli estratti non psicoattivi di C. sativa ottenuti da diverse varietà come agenti antiproliferativi. Per fare questo, sono state selezionate linee cellulari di diversa origine embriologica e la linea K562 di leucemia mieloide cronica si è rivelata la più responsiva al trattamento con un estratto ricco in CBD. L’apoptosi si è rivelata coinvolta nel meccanismo d’azione come dimostrato dal rilascio di citocromo c e dall’attivazione delle caspasi 3 e 7. Per quanto riguarda i saggi in vivo, estratti in olio di oliva sono stati preparati a partire da una varietà ricca in CBD prestando attenzione al processo di decarbossilazione per ottenere un estratto ricco in cannabinoidi e un altro ricco sia in cannabinoidi che in terpeni. Un’analisi multicomponente dei metaboliti secondari bioattivi è stata condotta utilizzando le tecniche cromatografiche di cui sopra. Successivamente, gli estratti in olio di oliva sono stati testati in un modello in vivo di epilessia e confrontati con l'attività del cannabidiolo puro (CBD). Gli stessi oli, così come i principali composti puri (CBD e β-cariofillene), sono stati testati in vivo per la loro attività sul dolore neuropatico in collaborazione con l'Università di Firenze. In questi esperimenti, l'estratto altamente ricco sia in cannabinoidi che in terpeni ha mostrato una maggiore bioattività in vivo. E’ stato proposto un modello di interazione tra CBD e β-cariofillene (CAR) con il recettore dei cannabinoidi di tipo 2 (CB2), grazie alla collaborazione con l’Università di Siena. Infine, un nuovo metodo HPLC-UV/DAD è stato ottimizzato per la separazione di cannabinoidi in miscela mediante l’applicazione del Design of Experiments (DoE). La preparazione di estratti di C. sativa di varietà medica in olio di oliva ricchi sia in cannabinoidi che in terpeni è stata ottimizzata sviluppando un metodo di estrazione innovativo che potrebbe essere applicato anche alle preparazioni galeniche. Un progetto su Nicotiana tabacum L. transgenica è stato eseguito in collaborazione con University College di Dublino per indagare la produzione di cannabinoidi in piante di tabacco geneticamente modificate. In conclusione, il lavoro condotto durante questo Dottorato di Ricerca ha dimostrato l'importanza dell'utilizzo di metodi estrattivi e analitici efficienti per i composti bioattivi di C. sativa. È stata dimostrata la capacità di C. sativa di esercitare attività antiproliferativa in vitro e di possedere promettenti effetti in modelli in vivo di epilessia e di dolore neuropatico, mettendo le basi per una futura applicazione clinica di questi risultati scientifici.

Caratterizzazione fitochimica di composti attivi da Cannabis sativa L. e valutazione dell’attività biologica in diversi modelli di patologie croniche / Lisa Anceschi , 2023 May 19. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Caratterizzazione fitochimica di composti attivi da Cannabis sativa L. e valutazione dell’attività biologica in diversi modelli di patologie croniche

ANCESCHI, LISA
2023

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. The plant produces different classes of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and terpenes, which have shown to possess many biological activities. Fiber-type C. sativa (hemp) is characterized by a high content of cannabidiol (CBD) and a very low level of the psychoactive ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) (0.2%). Recently, the interest in non-psychoactive cannabinoids from C. sativa is increased, due to the lack of psychotropic effects. In the light of all the above, this PhD project was focused on the preparation and chemical characterization of extracts from different non-psychoactive C. sativa varieties, which were subsequently tested using both in vitro and in vivo models of human chronic diseases. To do this, it was necessary to fully characterize the bioactive compounds of hemp extracts by means of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for cannabinoids, while gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for terpenes. As for the in vitro assays, the project was focused on the investigation of the possible role of non-psychoactive C. sativa extracts belonging to different varieties as antiproliferative agents. To do this, cell lines of different embryological origin were selected, and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells were the most responsive ones to a hemp extract highly rich in CBD. Apoptosis was found to be involved in the mechanism/s of action, as demonstrated by the release of cytochrome c and caspases 3/7 activation. As for the in vivo assays, olive oil extracts were prepared starting from a CBD-type C. sativa variety by paying attention to the decarboxylation process to obtain an extract rich in cannabinoids and another one rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes. A multi-component analysis of the bioactive secondary metabolites was carried out using the chromatographic methods aforementioned. Then, the olive oil extracts were tested using an in vivo model of epilepsy and they were compared with the activity of pure CBD. The same oils as well as the main pure compounds (CBD and β-caryophyllene) were assessed for their in vivo activity against neuropathic pain, in collaboration with the University of Florence. In these set of experiments, the oil extract highly rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes provided much better bioactivity. A model of interaction of CBD and β-caryophyllene (CAR) with the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor was proposed, thanks to a docking study performed in collaboration with the University of Siena. Finally, new methods for the extraction and analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes were developed. An HPLC-UV/DAD method for the separation of a mixture of cannabinoids was optimized by using the Design of Experiment (DoE). The preparation of medical C. sativa olive oil extracts, rich in both cannabinoids and terpenes, was optimized by developing an innovative extraction method, which may also be applied to galenic preparations. An innovative work on transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. was also performed to investigate the production of cannabinoids in genetically modified tobacco plants, in collaboration with the University College Dublin. In conclusion, the research work of this PhD demonstrated the importance of the use of efficient methods for the extraction and chemical analysis of bioactive compounds from C. sativa. Moreover, the ability of non-psychotropic C. sativa to exert an antiproliferative activity in in vitro models of chronic myeloproliferative disorders and to display promising effects in in vivo models of epilepsy and neuropathic pain, respectively, were demonstrated as well, paving the basis for a future clinical translation of these scientific outcomes.
Chemical characterization of active compounds from Cannabis sativa L. and assessment of their bioactivity against human chronic diseases
19-mag-2023
PELLATI, Federica
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