Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a rare, devastating blistering genetic disease caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding for type VII collagen (C7). C7 is the main component of the dermal anchoring fibrils, specialized extracellular dermal structures that stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction at hemidesmosomes. In RDEB, the abnormal or absent expression of C7 results in chronic skin fragility, blistering, painful wounds, and progressive fibrosis and scarring. Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma frequently develops at wounded, scarred, and inflamed sites and represents the main cause of premature death in these patients. Nowadays, no cure is available for RDEB, so efforts are dedicated to definitively tackling skin lesions that strongly impair the quality of life of these patients. Successful outcomes of combined cell and gene therapy clinical trials on severe forms of Junctional EB (JEB) encouraged the application of the same approach to correct the molecular phenotype of RDEB. Preliminary results of our first phase I/II gene therapy clinical trial for the treatment of RDEB (Hologene 7), which envisaged the use of an MLV-gamma-retroviral vector (gRV) carrying COL7A1, have shown that the gene correction approach is safe and well tolerated. However, it revealed a rather limited clinical efficacy, with a 60% of success rate at 12 months and a mosaic composition of the regenerated epidermis. Data collected by this clinical trial suggest the need to increase the number of gene-corrected stem cells to ensure a higher therapeutic effect. For this reason, a new retroviral vector and a different transduction procedure have been designed. Here, we describe the pre-clinical and manufacturing development, the quality assessments, the definition of quality release specification and the design of a clinical study which aims at evaluating the safety and efficacy of autologous cultured epidermal sheets containing epidermal stem cells genetically corrected with a self-inactivating (SIN)-gRV carrying the COL7A1 cDNA for the restoration of the epidermis in patients with RDEB. Pre-clinical data demonstrated an efficient ex vivo correction of RDEB primary clonogenic keratinocytes, with a stable provirus integration and a physiological expression of C7. Long-term serial cultivation showed that SIN-gRV transduction did neither affect keratinocyte clonogenicity nor foster premature clonal conversion. Clonal analysis of transduced keratinocytes showed epidermal stem cells correction and maintenance, all of which are mandatory for long-term epidermal regeneration. Moreover, pre-clinical toxicology assessments confirmed the absence of genotoxicity events. The technology was transferred from R&D to GMP to establish the manufacturing process. Three runs of process validation were performed starting from healthy donors’ biopsies and were successfully completed. This study is designed to be conducted in four European centres with strong experience on the treatment of RDEB patients (Italy, France, Austria and Germany), and will include at least 12 treatments, in 12 patients with a 6-month follow-up. The safety of the product and the associated procedures is identified as primary endpoint, while the stable restoration of a functional epidermis as secondary endpoint. In conclusion, this work summarizes the long and winding road that leads from the bench to the bedside and represent a hope for RDEB patients, that could greatly improve their quality of life and life expectancy.

L’Epidermolisi Bollosa Distrofica Recessiva (RDEB) è una rara e devastante malattia genetica, causata da mutazioni del gene COL7A1, che codifica per il collagene di tipo VII (C7). Il C7 è il principale componente delle fibrille di ancoraggio, strutture extracellulari che stabilizzano la giunzione dermo-epidermica. Nell’RDEB, la mancata o anormale espressione del C7 si traduce in una fragilità cronica della pelle, nella formazione di bolle, in dolorose ferite e nella comparsa di fibrosi. Le aree soggette a ferite, cicatrici e infiammazione sono anche quelle in cui frequentemente si ha l’insorgenza di aggressivi carcinomi squamocellulari cutanei, che rappresentano la principale causa di morte prematura in questi pazienti. Per questa patologia non si hanno ancora specifici trattamenti, per cui risulta di fondamentale importanza sviluppare terapie che permettano di trattare le lesioni cutanee, che compromettono fortemente la qualità di vita di questi pazienti. I sorprendenti risultati ottenuti in trial clinici di terapia cellulare e genica per il trattamento delle forme severe di Epidermolisi Bollosa Giunzionale hanno incoraggiato l’utilizzo dello stesso tipo di approccio per il trattamento della RDEB. I risultati preliminari del nostro primo trial clinico di terapia genica, che comprendeva l’utilizzo di un vettore MLV-gamma retrovirale (gRV) contenente il gene COL7A1, hanno mostrato che l’approccio nel complesso era sicuro e ben tollerato. Tuttavia, l’efficacia clinica è risultata limitata, con una percentuale di successo del 60% a un anno di follow-up. I dati raccolti hanno pertanto suggerito la necessità di aumentare il numero di cellule staminali geneticamente corrette, al fine di assicurare un migliore effetto terapeutico. Per questo motivo, sono stati sviluppati un nuovo vettore retrovirale e una nuova procedura di trasduzione. In questo lavoro descriviamo lo sviluppo preclinico, le valutazioni di qualità, la definizione delle specifiche di rilascio e il disegno dello studio clinico che ha come obiettivo la valutazione della sicurezza e dell’efficacia di lembi contenenti cellule staminali epiteliali autologhe geneticamente corrette mediante l’utilizzo di un vettore autoinattivante-gRV contenente il cDNA del gene COL7A1. I dati preclinici hanno dimostrato un’efficiente correzione ex vivo dei cheratinociti primari, una stabile integrazione del provirus e una fisiologica espressione del C7. La coltivazione seriale delle cellule corrette ha mostrato che la trasduzione con il nuovo vettore non danneggia la clonogenicità dei cheratinociti, ne comporta una conversione clonale prematura. L’analisi clonale dei cheratinociti trasdotti ha mostrato la correzione ed il mantenimento delle cellule staminali epiteliali, necessari per una rigenerazione epiteliale a lungo termine. In aggiunta, la valutazione tossicologica preclinica ha confermato l’assenza di genotossicità. L’intera tecnologia è stata trasferita dal reparto R&D all’area di produzione in GMP. In particolare, è stata completata con successo la validazione dell’intero processo in triplicato, partendo da biopsie di donatori sani. Questo studio sarà condotto in quattro centri europei specializzati nel trattamento di pazienti affetti da RDEB (Italia, Francia, Austria e Germania) e includerà almeno 12 trattamenti, in 12 pazienti, con un follow-up di sei mesi. La sicurezza del prodotto e delle procedure ad esso associate è considerata l’endpoint primario, mentre la rigenerazione di una epidermide funzionale sarà valutata come endpoint secondario. In conclusione, questo lavoro riassume la lunga e tortuosa strada che dalla ricerca porta all’applicazione clinica e rappresenta una speranza per i pazienti affetti da RDEB, che potrebbero migliorare loro qualità e aspettativa di vita.

Terapia cellulare e genica per il trattamento dell’Epidermolisi Bollosa Distrofica Recessiva / Federica Consiglio , 2023 May 23. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Terapia cellulare e genica per il trattamento dell’Epidermolisi Bollosa Distrofica Recessiva

CONSIGLIO, FEDERICA
2023

Abstract

Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a rare, devastating blistering genetic disease caused by mutations in COL7A1, the gene encoding for type VII collagen (C7). C7 is the main component of the dermal anchoring fibrils, specialized extracellular dermal structures that stabilize the dermal-epidermal junction at hemidesmosomes. In RDEB, the abnormal or absent expression of C7 results in chronic skin fragility, blistering, painful wounds, and progressive fibrosis and scarring. Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma frequently develops at wounded, scarred, and inflamed sites and represents the main cause of premature death in these patients. Nowadays, no cure is available for RDEB, so efforts are dedicated to definitively tackling skin lesions that strongly impair the quality of life of these patients. Successful outcomes of combined cell and gene therapy clinical trials on severe forms of Junctional EB (JEB) encouraged the application of the same approach to correct the molecular phenotype of RDEB. Preliminary results of our first phase I/II gene therapy clinical trial for the treatment of RDEB (Hologene 7), which envisaged the use of an MLV-gamma-retroviral vector (gRV) carrying COL7A1, have shown that the gene correction approach is safe and well tolerated. However, it revealed a rather limited clinical efficacy, with a 60% of success rate at 12 months and a mosaic composition of the regenerated epidermis. Data collected by this clinical trial suggest the need to increase the number of gene-corrected stem cells to ensure a higher therapeutic effect. For this reason, a new retroviral vector and a different transduction procedure have been designed. Here, we describe the pre-clinical and manufacturing development, the quality assessments, the definition of quality release specification and the design of a clinical study which aims at evaluating the safety and efficacy of autologous cultured epidermal sheets containing epidermal stem cells genetically corrected with a self-inactivating (SIN)-gRV carrying the COL7A1 cDNA for the restoration of the epidermis in patients with RDEB. Pre-clinical data demonstrated an efficient ex vivo correction of RDEB primary clonogenic keratinocytes, with a stable provirus integration and a physiological expression of C7. Long-term serial cultivation showed that SIN-gRV transduction did neither affect keratinocyte clonogenicity nor foster premature clonal conversion. Clonal analysis of transduced keratinocytes showed epidermal stem cells correction and maintenance, all of which are mandatory for long-term epidermal regeneration. Moreover, pre-clinical toxicology assessments confirmed the absence of genotoxicity events. The technology was transferred from R&D to GMP to establish the manufacturing process. Three runs of process validation were performed starting from healthy donors’ biopsies and were successfully completed. This study is designed to be conducted in four European centres with strong experience on the treatment of RDEB patients (Italy, France, Austria and Germany), and will include at least 12 treatments, in 12 patients with a 6-month follow-up. The safety of the product and the associated procedures is identified as primary endpoint, while the stable restoration of a functional epidermis as secondary endpoint. In conclusion, this work summarizes the long and winding road that leads from the bench to the bedside and represent a hope for RDEB patients, that could greatly improve their quality of life and life expectancy.
Towards a Phase I/II clinical trial of combined cell and gene therapy for Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
23-mag-2023
DE ROSA, LAURA
DE LUCA, Michele
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