Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorders resulting in the overproduction of myeloid differentiated cells. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) is characterized by the worst prognosis and 15-20% of cases develop secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (sAML). MPNs driver mutations affect JAK2, CALR or MPL genes. Moreover, mutations in epigenetic regulators can exacerbate the disease and alter response to treatment. Our group recently demonstrated through single cell analysis that MPNs progression is due to increased genetic heterogeneity, loss of heterozygosity and parallel sAML evolution. In this project, we sought to define the genomic architecture of MPN patients during disease evolution, and gain insight into the chromatin and transcriptional perturbations induced by epigenetic modifiers’ mutations. In order to describe MPNs clonal hierarchy at the single cell level, we employed Mission Bio Tapestri platform. We analyzed the CD34+ compartment of 3 patients during the chronic phase of the disease and after leukemic transformation through a custom panel comprising 29 genes frequently mutated in myeloid neoplasms. CNV assessment was performed on the same data through Mosaic algorithm. For one of these patients, single nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were then conducted through 10x genomics instrument on CD34+ cells from the chronic and blast phase. The analyzed patients suffered from Essential Thrombocythemia (n=2) or PMF (n=1); 2 patients harbored CALR type 1 driver mutation, while one patient carried JAK2V617F variant. In all patients, the first mutational hit occurred on epigenetic remodeler genes (i.e. TET2, ASXL1). Driver mutations’ allele frequency remained stable during disease progression and did not seem to drive leukemic transformation; in one case, JAK2V617F variant was lost in blast phase. In one patient, single cell analysis revealed the acquisition of 3 mutually exclusive pathogenic variants in the RAS pathway (two NRAS mutations and a KRAS mutation). Notably, leukemic driver mutations, affecting genes such as IDH2, TP53 and KRAS, were already traceable at very low allele frequency in the chronic phase of the disease of all patients, despite being undetectable by bulk diagnostic NGS analysis. For all patients, CNV analysis highlighted a higher gene dosage imbalance in the leukemic clones when compared with those in the chronic phase. Single cell ATAC+RNAseq data showed the activation of a pro-inflammatory signature in the leukemic HSC cluster, whereas the Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor (MEP)_1 cluster displayed an enrichment in GATA family motifs, whose increased activity promoted the transcription of pro-leukemic genes. Through CNV analysis, we coupled three omic layers in MEP_2 cluster. This cluster harbored chromosome 7 deletion together with the impairment of EZH2 activity. Moreover, WT1 activity was decreased, in accordance with the biological effect of the WT1 mutation carried by the patient. Altogether, these results suggest that MPNs’ first mutational hit frequently occurs in chromatin remodeler genes and affects a large fraction of neoplastic cells, confirming their impact on MPNs pathogenesis. Moreover, genomic analysis highlighted that clones carrying driver mutations remain stable during time and do not seem to drive leukemic transformation. On the other hand, genetic alterations, such as single nucleotide variants and CNVs, driving AML evolution are early identified by single cell analysis despite being undetectable by bulk sequencing. Single cell multiomic data can be efficiently coupled to Tapestri data by means of CNV analysis, thus allowing to deepen the understanding of molecular events that trigger leukemic transformation.

Le Neoplasie Mieloproliferative (MPN) sono malattie delle cellule staminali emopoietiche (HSC) che determinano un eccesso di cellule mieloidi differenziate. Tra queste, la Mielofibrosi Primaria (PMF) presenta la prognosi peggiore ed il 15-20% dei pazienti sviluppa Leucemia Mieloide Acuta secondaria (sAML). Le mutazioni driver delle MPN sono a carico dei geni JAK2, CALR o MPL. Inoltre, mutazioni in regolatori epigenetici possono aggravare la malattia e alterare la risposta ai trattamenti. Il nostro gruppo, attraverso l'analisi a singola cellula, ha recentemente dimostrato che l’evoluzione ad sAML è dovuta all'aumento dell'eterogeneità genetica ed alla perdita di eterozigosi. In questo progetto, abbiamo definito l'architettura genomica di 3 pazienti MPN durante l'evoluzione della malattia e studiato le perturbazioni trascrizionali e cromatiniche indotte dalle mutazioni su modificatori epigenetici. Per descrivere la gerarchia clonale delle MPN a livello di singola cellula, abbiamo utilizzato la piattaforma Tapestri di Mission Bio. Attraverso un pannello costituito da 29 geni frequentemente mutati in neoplasie mieloidi, abbiamo analizzato le mutazioni puntiformi e le Copy Number Variations (CNV) delle cellule CD34+ durante la fase cronica della malattia e dopo trasformazione leucemica. Per uno di questi pazienti, l'RNA-seq nucleare e l'ATAC-seq a singola cellula sono stati condotti su cellule CD34+ provenienti dalle fasi cronica e blastica. I pazienti erano affetti da Trombocitemia Essenziale (n=2) o PMF (n=1); 2 pazienti presentavano la mutazione driver CALR di tipo 1, mentre uno presentava la variante JAK2V617F. In tutti i pazienti, la prima mutazione ha coinvolto rimodellatori cromatinici (es.:TET2, ASXL1). La frequenza allelica delle mutazioni driver è rimasta stabile nel tempo, non guidando la trasformazione leucemica; in un paziente, la mutazione JAK2V617F è scomparsa durante la progressione. In un paziente, sono state identificate due mutazioni su NRAS e una su KRAS mutualmente esclusive. In particolare, le mutazioni pro-leucemiche su geni come IDH2, TP53 e KRAS, erano già identificabili in una piccola frazione di cellule nella fase cronica della malattia di tutti i pazienti, nonostante non fossero state rilevate dall'analisi di NGS in bulk. Per tutti i pazienti, l'analisi delle CNV ha evidenziato un maggiore squilibrio del dosaggio genico nei cloni leucemici rispetto a quelli in fase cronica. I dati di ATAC+RNAseq hanno mostrato l'attivazione di meccanismi pro-infiammatori nel cluster leucemico HSC, mentre il cluster Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor (MEP)_1 presentava un arricchimento nei motivi della famiglia GATA, la cui maggiore attività ha favorito la trascrizione di geni pro-leucemici. Attraverso l'analisi CNV, abbiamo integrato tre livelli omici del cluster MEP_2. In questo cluster, la delezione del cromosoma 7 era associata alla compromissione dell'attività di EZH2. Inoltre, l'attività di WT1 era ridotta, in accordo con l'effetto biologico della mutazione di WT1 presente nel paziente. Questi risultati suggeriscono che nelle MPN la prima mutazione coinvolga spesso rimodellatori della cromatina e colpisca gran parte delle cellule neoplastiche, confermando il loro impatto sulla patogenesi delle MPN. Inoltre, i cloni che presentano le mutazioni driver restano stabili nel tempo e non sembrano guidare la trasformazione leucemica. Le alterazioni genetiche che guidano l'evoluzione ad AML vengono identificate precocemente dall'analisi a singola cellula nonostante non siano rilevabili dall’NGS in bulk. Il dato multiomico può essere efficacemente accoppiato al dato di Tapestri mediante l'analisi delle CNV, consentendo così di approfondire la comprensione degli eventi molecolari che innescano la trasformazione leucemica.

L'analisi genomica a singola cellula in combinazione con ATAC+RNAseq a singola cellula permette l'identificazione precoce di cloni e meccanismi molecolari che guidano la trasformazione leucemica nelle Neoplasie Mieloproliferative / Chiara Carretta , 2023 May 23. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

L'analisi genomica a singola cellula in combinazione con ATAC+RNAseq a singola cellula permette l'identificazione precoce di cloni e meccanismi molecolari che guidano la trasformazione leucemica nelle Neoplasie Mieloproliferative

CARRETTA, CHIARA
2023

Abstract

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorders resulting in the overproduction of myeloid differentiated cells. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) is characterized by the worst prognosis and 15-20% of cases develop secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (sAML). MPNs driver mutations affect JAK2, CALR or MPL genes. Moreover, mutations in epigenetic regulators can exacerbate the disease and alter response to treatment. Our group recently demonstrated through single cell analysis that MPNs progression is due to increased genetic heterogeneity, loss of heterozygosity and parallel sAML evolution. In this project, we sought to define the genomic architecture of MPN patients during disease evolution, and gain insight into the chromatin and transcriptional perturbations induced by epigenetic modifiers’ mutations. In order to describe MPNs clonal hierarchy at the single cell level, we employed Mission Bio Tapestri platform. We analyzed the CD34+ compartment of 3 patients during the chronic phase of the disease and after leukemic transformation through a custom panel comprising 29 genes frequently mutated in myeloid neoplasms. CNV assessment was performed on the same data through Mosaic algorithm. For one of these patients, single nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were then conducted through 10x genomics instrument on CD34+ cells from the chronic and blast phase. The analyzed patients suffered from Essential Thrombocythemia (n=2) or PMF (n=1); 2 patients harbored CALR type 1 driver mutation, while one patient carried JAK2V617F variant. In all patients, the first mutational hit occurred on epigenetic remodeler genes (i.e. TET2, ASXL1). Driver mutations’ allele frequency remained stable during disease progression and did not seem to drive leukemic transformation; in one case, JAK2V617F variant was lost in blast phase. In one patient, single cell analysis revealed the acquisition of 3 mutually exclusive pathogenic variants in the RAS pathway (two NRAS mutations and a KRAS mutation). Notably, leukemic driver mutations, affecting genes such as IDH2, TP53 and KRAS, were already traceable at very low allele frequency in the chronic phase of the disease of all patients, despite being undetectable by bulk diagnostic NGS analysis. For all patients, CNV analysis highlighted a higher gene dosage imbalance in the leukemic clones when compared with those in the chronic phase. Single cell ATAC+RNAseq data showed the activation of a pro-inflammatory signature in the leukemic HSC cluster, whereas the Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor (MEP)_1 cluster displayed an enrichment in GATA family motifs, whose increased activity promoted the transcription of pro-leukemic genes. Through CNV analysis, we coupled three omic layers in MEP_2 cluster. This cluster harbored chromosome 7 deletion together with the impairment of EZH2 activity. Moreover, WT1 activity was decreased, in accordance with the biological effect of the WT1 mutation carried by the patient. Altogether, these results suggest that MPNs’ first mutational hit frequently occurs in chromatin remodeler genes and affects a large fraction of neoplastic cells, confirming their impact on MPNs pathogenesis. Moreover, genomic analysis highlighted that clones carrying driver mutations remain stable during time and do not seem to drive leukemic transformation. On the other hand, genetic alterations, such as single nucleotide variants and CNVs, driving AML evolution are early identified by single cell analysis despite being undetectable by bulk sequencing. Single cell multiomic data can be efficiently coupled to Tapestri data by means of CNV analysis, thus allowing to deepen the understanding of molecular events that trigger leukemic transformation.
Single cell genomics coupled with single cell ATAC+RNAseq allows the early detection of clones and molecular mechanisms driving leukemic transformation in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
23-mag-2023
MANFREDINI, Rossella
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