Post-wound regeneration consists in regrowth and gain of function of lost body parts/organs. The variety of animals capable of regeneration and their evolutionary distance are surprising, as there is no clear relationship between phylogeny and regeneration. However, the regenerative process following damage relies on conserved steps: wound healing, mobilization of cell precursors and morphogenesis. Upon injury, immune cells help to clear debris and secrete numerous signalling molecules that induce cell proliferation and differentiation programmes essential for regeneration. This notwithstanding, the study of the contribution of innate immune components (IICs) to tissue and organ regeneration, is still in need of suitable research organisms. The snail Pomacea canaliculata and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis possess different IICs and they both regenerate tentacles in adult life. Cephalic tentacles of P. canaliculata are sensory components used for food search, co-specific recognition, and orienting. In N. vectensis, the oral tentacles are extensions of the diploblastic body that feed, defend and expand the surface area of the gastric cavity. P. canaliculata cephalic tentacle structure was studied, and its complete regeneration was assessed. The histological analysis and a Matlab®-based semi-automated quantification of regenerating tentacles, showed the accumulation of circulating immune cell, the hemocytes, during blastema formation at 12 hours post amputation (hpa). The transitory reduction of circulating hemocyte number after the injection of Clophosome®, a phagocyte-targeting drug, delayed the blastema onset and tentacle regeneration suggesting a pro-regenerative role for snail phagocytic hemocytes. To further explore the role of hemocytes during tentacle regeneration, qPCR experiments on the immune-related genes (IRGs) Pc-hemocyanin, Pc-AIF1, Pc-TGAse and Pc-Runt were performed on both uninjected and Clophosome®-injected animals. Our data demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of IRGs in the blastema during hemocyte accumulation. The expression profile of markers for cell-proliferation, as like as Pc-Wnt1, Pc-Jagged, Pc-FGF18 and Pc-PCNA, was also studied during early regeneration. A significant change in gene expression was observed during hemocyte recover after Clophosome®-treatment, indicating a possible role of hemocytes in modulating the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs). In N. vectensis, a highly motile population of cells (mPC), was charaterized for the first time. Transgenic polyps with Actin:GFP-labelled mPC were developed, allowing to track their movements after oral tentacle amputation and revealing their accumulation to the wound site at 6 hpa. A long term, high-resolution live imaging experimental set was developed to enable in vivo tracking of mPC in homeostatic and regenerating animals. mPC movements were then quantitatively and directionally analysed. After crossing Actin:GFP and SoxB2:mOrange gametes, SoxB2, a marker for precursors of cnidocytes, hair cells and neurons, was also found in mPC. Taking advantage of the unique co-expression of Actin:GFP and SoxB2:mOrange, a FACS sorting of mPC (++) has been possible. RNA SMART-sequencing was performed on sorted mPC(++), revealing that the mPC express multiple IRGs, namely Nv-AIF1, Nv-DSCAM, Nv-C2, Nv-C5 and the macrophage marker Nv-Mpeg, and proposing a possible immune behaviour for these newly discovered cells. In all, phylogenetically distant animals as snails and sea anemones, both present motile cells that accumulate at wound site and are associated with IRGs and RAGs expression. The molecular background associated with the presence of these cells could represent the conserved theme in adult regeneration.

La rigenerazione post-traumatica consiste nella ricostruzione strutturale e funzionale di intere parti del corpo. La varietà e la distanza evolutiva tra gli animali in grado di rigenerare sono sorprendenti, ma in generale, la rigenerazione si basa su processi conservati tra cui la chiusura della ferita, la mobilizzazione di precursori e la morfogenesi. Dopo il danno, le cellule immunitarie intervengono nella pulizia della ferita e secernono molecole che inducono la proliferazione cellulare ed il differenziamento. Lo studio del contributo della componente Innata del Sistema Immunitario (ISI) alla rigenerazione è un campo ancora aperto ed alla ricerca di nuovi modelli sperimentali. La chiocciola Pomacea canaliculata, e l’anemone di mare Nematostella vectensis possiedono componenti ISI diverse ma sono entrambe in grado di rigenerare organi sensoriali in età adulta. I tentacoli cefalici di P. canalicultata sono organi sensoriali utilizzati dall’animale per individuare il cibo ed orientarsi nello spazio. In N. vectensis, I tentacoli orali sono delle estensioni del corpo diploblastico coinvolte nella difesa-offesa e nell’individuazione del cibo. La struttura del tentacolo di P. canaliculata è stata studiata, e la sua rigenerazione è stata documentata. L’analisi istologica ed una quantificazione semi-automatica operata tramite Matlab®, hanno dimostrato l’accumulo di cellule immunitarie, gli emociti, durante la formazione del blastema, a 12 ore post amputazione (hpa). L’eliminazione transitoria degli emociti circolanti tramite iniezione di un farmaco selettivo per le cellule fagocitiche, Clophosome®, ha ritardato le prime fasi della rigenerazione, suggerendo un ruolo pro-rigenerativo degli emociti. Per validare questa ipotesi, un’analisi di espressione genica mediante qPCR è stata effettuata nel blastema di animali non iniettati od iniettati con Clophosome®, per geni ISI, tra cui Pc-hemocyanin, Pc-AIF1, Pc-TGAse e Pc-Runt. I dati indicano un'induzione significativa nella maggioranza dei geni, quado presente l’accumulo di emociti nel blastema. Il profilo di espressione di geni marker per la rigenerazione e proliferazione cellulare (RPC) tra cui Pc-Wnt1, Pc-Jagged, Pc-FGF18 e Pc-PCNA mostra invece un significativo cambiamento nell’espressione genica visibile durante il recupero degli animali trattati con Clophosome®, indicando un possibile ruolo degli emociti nella modulazione di geni coinvolti nel processo rigenerativo. In N. vectensis transgeniche per Actin:GFP, è stata caratterizzata per la prima volta in questa specie una popolazione di cellule mobili (mPC) Actin:GFP+. L’espressione di Actin:GFP ha permesso di seguire la migrazione delle mPC dopo l’amputazione del tentacolo orale, dimostrandone l’accumulo al sito di taglio a 6 hpa. Una metodica di live-imaging a lungo termine ad alta risoluzione è stata poi sviluppata per permettere il tracciamento direzionale e l’analisi quantitativa della migrazione di mPC in animali di controllo ed amputati. Inoltre, l’incrocio delle linee transgeniche Actin:GFP e SoxB2:mOrange, ove SoxB2 è marker dei precursori di cnidociti, hair cells e neuroni, ha mostrato la co-localizzazione dei due fluorocromi nelle mPC. Grazie alla co-espressione di Actin:GFP e SoxB2:mOrange, è stato possibile effettuare il FACS sorting delle mPC (++), seguito dal sequenziamento dell’RNA. L’analisi dell’espressione differenziale ha rivelato l’espressione di geni ISI come Nv-AIF1, Nv-DSCAM, Nv-C2, Nv-C5 ed il marker macrofagico Nv-Mpeg. Benché filogeneticamente distanti, i modelli presentano delle cellule mobili con dimostrate o plausibili funzioni immunitarie, che accumulano al sito danneggiato. Queste promuovono un aumento di molecole associate alla componente ISI ed alla rigenerazione, rappresentandone un possibile elemento chiave

Contributo di emociti, cellule mobili e mediatori immunitari nel processo di rigenerazione di organi sensoriali: uno studio comparato nella chiocciola d’acqua dolce Pomacea canaliculata e nell’anemone di mare Nematostella vectensis / Giulia Bergamini , 2023 May 18. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Contributo di emociti, cellule mobili e mediatori immunitari nel processo di rigenerazione di organi sensoriali: uno studio comparato nella chiocciola d’acqua dolce Pomacea canaliculata e nell’anemone di mare Nematostella vectensis

BERGAMINI, GIULIA
2023

Abstract

Post-wound regeneration consists in regrowth and gain of function of lost body parts/organs. The variety of animals capable of regeneration and their evolutionary distance are surprising, as there is no clear relationship between phylogeny and regeneration. However, the regenerative process following damage relies on conserved steps: wound healing, mobilization of cell precursors and morphogenesis. Upon injury, immune cells help to clear debris and secrete numerous signalling molecules that induce cell proliferation and differentiation programmes essential for regeneration. This notwithstanding, the study of the contribution of innate immune components (IICs) to tissue and organ regeneration, is still in need of suitable research organisms. The snail Pomacea canaliculata and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis possess different IICs and they both regenerate tentacles in adult life. Cephalic tentacles of P. canaliculata are sensory components used for food search, co-specific recognition, and orienting. In N. vectensis, the oral tentacles are extensions of the diploblastic body that feed, defend and expand the surface area of the gastric cavity. P. canaliculata cephalic tentacle structure was studied, and its complete regeneration was assessed. The histological analysis and a Matlab®-based semi-automated quantification of regenerating tentacles, showed the accumulation of circulating immune cell, the hemocytes, during blastema formation at 12 hours post amputation (hpa). The transitory reduction of circulating hemocyte number after the injection of Clophosome®, a phagocyte-targeting drug, delayed the blastema onset and tentacle regeneration suggesting a pro-regenerative role for snail phagocytic hemocytes. To further explore the role of hemocytes during tentacle regeneration, qPCR experiments on the immune-related genes (IRGs) Pc-hemocyanin, Pc-AIF1, Pc-TGAse and Pc-Runt were performed on both uninjected and Clophosome®-injected animals. Our data demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of IRGs in the blastema during hemocyte accumulation. The expression profile of markers for cell-proliferation, as like as Pc-Wnt1, Pc-Jagged, Pc-FGF18 and Pc-PCNA, was also studied during early regeneration. A significant change in gene expression was observed during hemocyte recover after Clophosome®-treatment, indicating a possible role of hemocytes in modulating the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs). In N. vectensis, a highly motile population of cells (mPC), was charaterized for the first time. Transgenic polyps with Actin:GFP-labelled mPC were developed, allowing to track their movements after oral tentacle amputation and revealing their accumulation to the wound site at 6 hpa. A long term, high-resolution live imaging experimental set was developed to enable in vivo tracking of mPC in homeostatic and regenerating animals. mPC movements were then quantitatively and directionally analysed. After crossing Actin:GFP and SoxB2:mOrange gametes, SoxB2, a marker for precursors of cnidocytes, hair cells and neurons, was also found in mPC. Taking advantage of the unique co-expression of Actin:GFP and SoxB2:mOrange, a FACS sorting of mPC (++) has been possible. RNA SMART-sequencing was performed on sorted mPC(++), revealing that the mPC express multiple IRGs, namely Nv-AIF1, Nv-DSCAM, Nv-C2, Nv-C5 and the macrophage marker Nv-Mpeg, and proposing a possible immune behaviour for these newly discovered cells. In all, phylogenetically distant animals as snails and sea anemones, both present motile cells that accumulate at wound site and are associated with IRGs and RAGs expression. The molecular background associated with the presence of these cells could represent the conserved theme in adult regeneration.
Deciphering the role of hemocytes, motile cells and immune-related mediators during adult sensory organ regeneration. The case of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata and the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in a comparative study
18-mag-2023
MALAGOLI, Davide
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Bergamini_Tesi PhD.pdf

embargo fino al 17/05/2024

Descrizione: Tesi
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 7.74 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
7.74 MB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia
Pubblicazioni consigliate

Licenza Creative Commons
I metadati presenti in IRIS UNIMORE sono rilasciati con licenza Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal, mentre i file delle pubblicazioni sono rilasciati con licenza Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale (CC BY 4.0), salvo diversa indicazione.
In caso di violazione di copyright, contattare Supporto Iris

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1304986
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact