Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical condition which captures the stage between normal aging and dementia in the continuum of different phases of cognitive impairment. Nowadays MCI is the focus of increasing scientific interest aimed at the understanding of which factors contribute to its worsening and progression to dementia overtime. Whereas several studies have focussed on clinical, cognitive, and imaging characteristics, they have been little integrated with information related to lifetime habits, diet, activities, and exposure to environmental pollution. However, in order to better characterize people with MCI it is important to start considering not only their current cognitive status but a broader spectrum of potential lifetime risk factors to better capture the uniqueness of each individual in its complexity. The aim of this work is to study the biological and functional alterations of a sample of patients with MCI to identify possible prognostic markers of progression to dementia, by relating the effect of a spectrum of risk factors to the clinical phenotype and how it changed overtime. We focussed on people with early onset MCI to limit the potentially confounding effect of aging on such a relationship. A court of subjects with a diagnosis of MCI and early onset of cognitive symptoms (< 65) were recruited in a prospective longitudinal study. They underwent extended neuropsychological assessment, questionnaires on lifetime habits, diet, activities and exposure to environmental pollution, multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and blood exams. If clinically indicated, they also underwent lumbar puncture and/or Positron Emission Tomography – PET with marker for cerebral Aβ. After 18 months, they repeated the neuropsychological evaluation and MRI. A group of healthy controls (HCs) was also recruited and underwent the same multimodal MRI protocol. Statistical analyses of behavioural data were performed with Stata. Imaging data were analysed with the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) tools. We recruited 129 MCI patients and 22 HCs. At the baseline, 82 patients were amnestic-multidomain (A-MD) MCI, 3 non-amnestic-multidomain (NA-MD), 30 amnestic (A), and 14 non-amnestic (NA); comparing to the others, A-MD-MCI patients had the worst cognitive status. Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis showed that MCI patients were more atrophic than HCs in several areas across the entire brain. Higher cognitive reserve deriving from occupational status were associated with better performances in several cognitive domains. Imaging analyses also showed that higher cognitive reserve was associated with increased functional connectivity rather than to grey matter atrophy or white matter microstructural integrity. At the follow-up (still ongoing), 41 patients have remained stable while 42 have deteriorated/converted. Preliminary Cox analyses show that a better performance at baseline attentional and memory tests (i.e., Cancellation Test, Digit span backward, and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test – FCSRT) is a protective factor against deterioration/conversion, while elevated levels of neurofilament light-chain in the cerebrospinal fluid increases this risk. In conclusion, we are studying the relationship between baseline and follow-up cognitive and imaging status with lifetime factors related to habits, work, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. It is only with an improved understanding of inter-individual variability capturing many aspects of an individual lifetime over and above the potential effects of an intercurrent disease associated with that we will eventually become able to plan tailored preventive interventions.

Il disturbo neurocognitivo (DNC) minore è una condizione di transizione tra il normale invecchiamento e la demenza. Al giorno d’oggi, il DNC minore è al centro dell’interesse scientifico per capire quali fattori contribuiscano al suo peggioramento e progressione a demenza. Anche se diversi studi si sono focalizzati sulle caratteristiche cliniche, cognitive e di neuroimmagine, queste sono state raramente integrate con le informazioni relative alle abitudini, dieta, attività ed esposizione a inquinanti ambientali. Per caratterizzare al meglio le persone con DNC minore è importante considerare non solo il loro stato cognitivo attuale, ma anche tutti i potenziali fattori di rischio cui sono stati esposti nel corso del tempo, per catturare l’unicità di ogni individuo nella sua complessità. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è studiare le alterazioni biologiche e funzionali in una coorte di pazienti con DNC minore per identificare possibili fattori prognostici di progressione a demenza, mettendo in relazione l’effetto dei fattori di rischio al fenotipo clinico e al suo cambiamento nel tempo. Ci siamo concentrati su pazienti con esordio precoce del DNC minore per limitare il potenziale effetto confondente dell’età su tale relazione. Una coorte di soggetti con diagnosi di DNC minore e insorgenza precoce dei sintomi cognitivi (< 65 anni) è stata reclutata per uno studio longitudinale prospettico. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti a una valutazione neuropsicologica, a questionari sulle abitudini, dieta, attività ed esposizione a inquinanti, a una risonanza magnetica (RM) e ad esami del sangue. Se clinicamente indicato, è stata eseguita puntura lombare e/o Tomografia a emissione di positroni con marcatore di Aβ. Dopo 18 mesi, è stata ripetuta la valutazione neuropsicologica e la RM. È stato reclutato anche un campione di soggetti sani neurologicamente indenni, sottoposto allo stesso protocollo RM. Le analisi statistiche delle variabili comportamentali sono state eseguite con Stata. I dati di neuroimmagine sono stati analizzati con FMRIB Software Library (FSL). Abbiamo reclutato 129 pazienti con DNC minore e 22 soggetti sani. Alla prima valutazione, 82 pazienti avevano una diagnosi di DNC lieve amnestico-multidominio, 3 di non-amnestico-multidominio, 30 di amnestico e 14 di non-amnestico; i pazienti amnestici-multidominio erano quelli con il peggior stato cognitivo. L’analisi Voxel-Based Morphometry ha mostrato che i pazienti con DNC minore erano più atrofici rispetto ai soggetti sani in diverse aree cerebrali. Una maggior riserva cognitiva derivata dallo status occupazionale era associata a migliori prestazioni in diversi domini cognitivi; inoltre, una maggior riserva cognitiva era associata a alla connettività funzionale piuttosto che all’atrofia o all’integrità microstrutturale. Alla valutazione di controllo (ancora in corso), 41 pazienti sono rimasti stabili mentre 42 sono peggiorati/convertiti. Le analisi di Cox preliminari hanno ha mostrato che una miglior prestazione durante la prima valutazione a test attentivi e di memoria (Matrici attentive, Digit span inverso e Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test) sono un fattore protettivo contro il peggioramento/conversione, mentre elevati livelli di neurofilamenti nel liquido cerebrospinale aumentano il rischio. In conclusione, stiamo studiando la relazione tra lo status alla prima valutazione e a quella di controllo e i fattori relati alle abitudini, al lavoro, allo stile di vita e all’esposizione ambientale. È solo con una miglior comprensione della variabilità interindividuale che cattura molti aspetti del corso di vita di un individuo, andando oltre i potenziali effetti di una concomitante malattia associata, che potremo eventualmente diventare capaci di pianificare interventi preventivi personalizzati.

Fattori predittivi di aggravamento e fenotipo cognitivo-comportamentale nel paziente con disturbo neurocognitivo minore / Chiara Carbone , 2023 Mar 31. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Fattori predittivi di aggravamento e fenotipo cognitivo-comportamentale nel paziente con disturbo neurocognitivo minore

CARBONE, CHIARA
2023

Abstract

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical condition which captures the stage between normal aging and dementia in the continuum of different phases of cognitive impairment. Nowadays MCI is the focus of increasing scientific interest aimed at the understanding of which factors contribute to its worsening and progression to dementia overtime. Whereas several studies have focussed on clinical, cognitive, and imaging characteristics, they have been little integrated with information related to lifetime habits, diet, activities, and exposure to environmental pollution. However, in order to better characterize people with MCI it is important to start considering not only their current cognitive status but a broader spectrum of potential lifetime risk factors to better capture the uniqueness of each individual in its complexity. The aim of this work is to study the biological and functional alterations of a sample of patients with MCI to identify possible prognostic markers of progression to dementia, by relating the effect of a spectrum of risk factors to the clinical phenotype and how it changed overtime. We focussed on people with early onset MCI to limit the potentially confounding effect of aging on such a relationship. A court of subjects with a diagnosis of MCI and early onset of cognitive symptoms (< 65) were recruited in a prospective longitudinal study. They underwent extended neuropsychological assessment, questionnaires on lifetime habits, diet, activities and exposure to environmental pollution, multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and blood exams. If clinically indicated, they also underwent lumbar puncture and/or Positron Emission Tomography – PET with marker for cerebral Aβ. After 18 months, they repeated the neuropsychological evaluation and MRI. A group of healthy controls (HCs) was also recruited and underwent the same multimodal MRI protocol. Statistical analyses of behavioural data were performed with Stata. Imaging data were analysed with the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) tools. We recruited 129 MCI patients and 22 HCs. At the baseline, 82 patients were amnestic-multidomain (A-MD) MCI, 3 non-amnestic-multidomain (NA-MD), 30 amnestic (A), and 14 non-amnestic (NA); comparing to the others, A-MD-MCI patients had the worst cognitive status. Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis showed that MCI patients were more atrophic than HCs in several areas across the entire brain. Higher cognitive reserve deriving from occupational status were associated with better performances in several cognitive domains. Imaging analyses also showed that higher cognitive reserve was associated with increased functional connectivity rather than to grey matter atrophy or white matter microstructural integrity. At the follow-up (still ongoing), 41 patients have remained stable while 42 have deteriorated/converted. Preliminary Cox analyses show that a better performance at baseline attentional and memory tests (i.e., Cancellation Test, Digit span backward, and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test – FCSRT) is a protective factor against deterioration/conversion, while elevated levels of neurofilament light-chain in the cerebrospinal fluid increases this risk. In conclusion, we are studying the relationship between baseline and follow-up cognitive and imaging status with lifetime factors related to habits, work, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. It is only with an improved understanding of inter-individual variability capturing many aspects of an individual lifetime over and above the potential effects of an intercurrent disease associated with that we will eventually become able to plan tailored preventive interventions.
Predictive factors of aggravation and cognitive-behavioural phenotype in patients with young-onset MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment)
31-mar-2023
ZAMBONI, Giovanna
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1301028
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