The presented thesis work summarizes the activities carried out during the Ph.D. in Industrial and Environmental Engineering performed in collaboration between the Fluid Power for Mobile Application Lab of the Enzo Ferrari Department of Engineering and Dana Incorporated. As the title suggests, the main topic was the modelling, simulation and experimental characterization of hydraulic systems and components for off-highway vehicles. The usage of fluid power in both agricultural and mining applications is indeed widespread. A thorough understanding of these systems and components allows their correct and potentially innovative design, considering both the improvement in performance and the energy savings achievable by implementing these innovative solutions. In collaboration with Dana Incorporated which has funded the Ph.D. scholarship, we selected two main research activities in which the company was interested. The first regarded the design and prototyping process of a hydro-pneumatic independent suspension for agricultural tractors. This is a multi-disciplinary activity where the hydraulics, the mechanical design and the control logics affect the vehicle dynamics and so its global performances. In parallel to this, several numerical models of both the system and the vehicle were developed in different simulation environments. These models were then used to study the system itself. After these preliminary steps, it was possible to develop an optimization workflow for the whole suspension system, in which both the hydraulic hardware and the suspension architecture were optimized to improve the kinematic and dynamic performances of the vehicle. A prototype for the suspension was created starting from the optimized solution, and it was then subjected to experimental activities on a test rig. This prototype is also going to be installed on the reference tractor to perform the vehicle final tests. The second main activity carried out during the Ph.D. was the study and detailed modelling of a bent axis unit (pump or motor). These machines are very common for example in hydrostatic transmissions, which are widely used in off-highway vehicles. Besides this aspect, we decided to investigate this topic also because there are not a lot of studies and methods concerning the design optimization of this kind of machine in the literature. In particular, we focused the attention on the mechanical analysis of the unit to evaluate the reaction forces and moments between the main components and therefore the torque delivered to or absorbed by the shaft taking into account all the internal losses. The outcome of this activity was the development of a vectorial and parametric numerical model, which can be used both in the design phase and as virtual characterization for this kind of positive displacement machine. During these Ph.D. years, I also spent a research period abroad at the Maha Fluid Power Lab of Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, US. In this period, I carried out the study of a hydraulic hybrid power-split transmission, performing the testing setup and the first experimental tests on the system installed on a pick-up truck. So, the main research activities performed in these years are reported in the chapters of this thesis. These activities give an overview of what is the research approach in the field of hydraulic systems and components for mobile applications, from the modelling to the experimental tests.
Il presente elaborato di tesi riassume l’attività svolta durante il dottorato di ricerca in Ingegneria Industriale e del Territorio in collaborazione tra il Laboratorio di Idraulica del Veicolo del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari e Dana Incorporated. Come il titolo suggerisce, la tematica di tale attività è stata la modellazione, la simulazione e caratterizzazione sperimentale di componenti e sistemi idraulici relativi ad applicazioni off-highway. In queste applicazioni, infatti, che siano esse macchine agricole o movimento terra, l’utilizzo di sistemi, e quindi componenti, idraulici è molto diffuso. Un’approfondita conoscenza di questi permette quindi una corretta e potenzialmente innovativa progettazione degli stessi, considerando sia il miglioramento delle prestazioni sia il risparmio energetico ottenibile implementando queste soluzioni innovative. In collaborazione con Dana Incorporated, che ha finanziato la borsa di dottorato, sono state scelte due principali attività di ricerca in cui l’azienda aveva interesse. La prima ha riguardato il processo di progettazione e prototipazione di una sospensione idro-pneumatica indipendente per trattori agricoli. Si tratta di un’attività multidisciplinare dove l’idraulica, la progettazione meccanica e le logiche di controllo influenzano la dinamica del veicolo e quindi le performance dello stesso. Parallelamente a ciò, sono stati sviluppati i modelli numerici del sistema e del veicolo in diversi ambienti di simulazione utili allo studio del sistema stesso. In seguito a questi primi passaggi preliminari, è stato possibile sviluppare un workflow di ottimizzazione dell’intera sospensione, in cui sono stati ottimizzati sia l’hardware idraulico sia la geometria dell’architettura sospensiva, al fine di migliorare le performance cinematiche e dinamiche dell’intero veicolo. Partendo dalla soluzione ottimizzata è stato realizzato poi un prototipo, che è stato sottoposto a test sperimentali a banco prova per verificarne le caratteristiche e validarne il comportamento. Tale prototipo sarà poi installato sul trattore di riferimento per eseguire i test finali sul veicolo completo. La seconda principale attività seguita durante il dottorato è stata lo studio e modellazione dettagliata di una macchina a pistoni a corpo inclinato, utilizzato in applicazioni come le trasmissioni idrostatiche, largamente diffuse nei veicoli off highway. Oltre che per questo aspetto, queste speciale tipologia di macchina volumetrica è stata scelta come target perché non esistono molti riferimenti nella letteratura scientifica o chiare indicazioni e metodi per l’ottimizzazione della sua progettazione. In particolare, si è rivolta l’attenzione sull’analisi meccanica dell’unità, al fine di valutare le forze e momenti di reazione scambiati tra i principali componenti e quindi la coppia erogata o assorbita all’albero tenendo conto di tutte le perdite interne. Il risultato di tale attività è stata la realizzazione di un modello numerico, vettoriale e parametrico, utilizzabile sia in fase di design sia come alternativa ai test sperimentali per un vasto insieme di macchine di questa tipologia. Durante il dottorato, inoltre, è stato svolto un periodo di ricerca all’estero presso il Maha Fluid Power Lab della Purdue University. In questo periodo, è stato seguito lo studio, la preparazione del testing setup e la realizzazione delle prime prove sperimentali su una trasmissione power split idraulica ibrida installata su veicolo pick up. In questo elaborato vengono quindi riportate nei diversi capitoli le principali attività di ricerca seguite che, unite, danno una visione d’assieme di quello che è l’approccio per la ricerca in ambito di sistemi e componenti idraulici per applicazioni mobili, dalla modellazione ai test sperimentali.
Modellazione, simulazione e caratterizzazione sperimentale di sistemi e componenti idraulici per veicoli off-highway / Andrea Fornaciari , 2023 Mar 08. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.
Modellazione, simulazione e caratterizzazione sperimentale di sistemi e componenti idraulici per veicoli off-highway
FORNACIARI, ANDREA
2023
Abstract
The presented thesis work summarizes the activities carried out during the Ph.D. in Industrial and Environmental Engineering performed in collaboration between the Fluid Power for Mobile Application Lab of the Enzo Ferrari Department of Engineering and Dana Incorporated. As the title suggests, the main topic was the modelling, simulation and experimental characterization of hydraulic systems and components for off-highway vehicles. The usage of fluid power in both agricultural and mining applications is indeed widespread. A thorough understanding of these systems and components allows their correct and potentially innovative design, considering both the improvement in performance and the energy savings achievable by implementing these innovative solutions. In collaboration with Dana Incorporated which has funded the Ph.D. scholarship, we selected two main research activities in which the company was interested. The first regarded the design and prototyping process of a hydro-pneumatic independent suspension for agricultural tractors. This is a multi-disciplinary activity where the hydraulics, the mechanical design and the control logics affect the vehicle dynamics and so its global performances. In parallel to this, several numerical models of both the system and the vehicle were developed in different simulation environments. These models were then used to study the system itself. After these preliminary steps, it was possible to develop an optimization workflow for the whole suspension system, in which both the hydraulic hardware and the suspension architecture were optimized to improve the kinematic and dynamic performances of the vehicle. A prototype for the suspension was created starting from the optimized solution, and it was then subjected to experimental activities on a test rig. This prototype is also going to be installed on the reference tractor to perform the vehicle final tests. The second main activity carried out during the Ph.D. was the study and detailed modelling of a bent axis unit (pump or motor). These machines are very common for example in hydrostatic transmissions, which are widely used in off-highway vehicles. Besides this aspect, we decided to investigate this topic also because there are not a lot of studies and methods concerning the design optimization of this kind of machine in the literature. In particular, we focused the attention on the mechanical analysis of the unit to evaluate the reaction forces and moments between the main components and therefore the torque delivered to or absorbed by the shaft taking into account all the internal losses. The outcome of this activity was the development of a vectorial and parametric numerical model, which can be used both in the design phase and as virtual characterization for this kind of positive displacement machine. During these Ph.D. years, I also spent a research period abroad at the Maha Fluid Power Lab of Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, US. In this period, I carried out the study of a hydraulic hybrid power-split transmission, performing the testing setup and the first experimental tests on the system installed on a pick-up truck. So, the main research activities performed in these years are reported in the chapters of this thesis. These activities give an overview of what is the research approach in the field of hydraulic systems and components for mobile applications, from the modelling to the experimental tests.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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